An Ethnobotanical Survey, Pharmacognostic Profile and Phytochemical Investigation of Chrysobalanus icaco L.

Year 2024, Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 489 - 504, 30.09.2024

Jacinta Apitikori , Mubo Sonibare Adeola , Marwa A. A. Fayed , Sayed Firdous

https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1419020

Abstract

The spice known as Chrysobalanus icaco L. (Chrysobalanaceae) was found near the coast of the Niger Delta in Nigeria. A survey on the ethnobotany of C. icaco seeds was conducted in Warri, Abraka, Delta State, Ezetu village, and Onitsha. Standard techniques were used to determine the pharmacognostic profile, phytochemical screening, physiochemical parameters, and elemental analysis. The findings showed that the Ezetu village people utilized the seeds traditionally for stomachache, anti-diarrhea, and post-child delivery. Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins and proteins in the seed. The seed powder's physicochemical parameters are as follows: pH (1 g/100 ml distilled water) (6.00±0.00) and pH (10 g/100 ml), water-soluble ash (1.5±0.00%), alcohol soluble ash (1.0±0.00%), acid insoluble acid (0.25±0.00%), acid soluble ash (1.0±0.00%), and sulfated ash (2.0±0.00%). The seed oil's physicochemical properties were: density (0.936±0.0%), refractive index (1.491±0.00%), iodine value (15.9±0.01%), peroxide value (25.31±0.01%), acid value (29.44±0.00%), and ester value (34.75±0.21%). The elements discovered in the seed included lead, copper, nickel, chromium, cadmium, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Phytochemicals found in the extract include reducing sugars, proteins, amino acids, fats, oils, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, cholesterol, steroids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols, saponins, and cardiac glycosides. Quantitative phytochemical results include total phenolics (11.63±0.03), total flavonoids (2.35±0.06), total alkaloids (5.50±0.03), and total tannins (12.48±0.01). Consequently, it is possible to verify the authenticity of the seeds using these pharmacognostic features.

Keywords

Chrysobalanus icaco, Ethnobotanical survey, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical investigation, Chrysobalanus icaco seeds

Ethical Statement

The World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki (Percie et al., 2020) was followed in the conduct of the study. A request for ethical permission (using reference number REC/FBMS/DELSU/22/146) was made to the College of Health Sciences' Ethical Approval Review Committee at Delta State University in Abraka, Nigeria. Enrollment in the research was entirely voluntary.

Supporting Institution

Delta State University Abraka Nigeria

Project Number

1

Thanks

Thanks

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