Kentsel yeşil alanlardaki ekosistem servislerinin hesaplanması: Eugene Pioneer Mezarlığı, Eugene, Oregon (ABD)

Year 2021, Volume: 58 Issue: 4, 513 - 522, 21.12.2021

Şerif Hepcan , Çiğdem Coskun Hepcan

https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.900698

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Eugene Pioneer Mezarlığı, Oregon (ABD) 'de, dört düzenleyici ekosistem servisini ölçmektir; bunlar karbon tutulması ve depolanması, yüzey akışının önlenmesi, hava kirleticilerinin tutulması ve oksijen üretimidir.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Veri hazırlama aşamasında ağaçlara ilişkin ölçülen veriler kâğıt üzerine kaydedilmiştir. Arazi kullanım türü, ağaç türleri, ağacın göğüs yüksekliğindeki çapı-DBH (cm), ağaç yüksekliği (m), canlı taç yüksekliği (m), tacın yerden yüksekliği (m), kayıp taç yüzdesi. Veri analizinde I-Tree Eco model versiyon 6 kullanılmıştır.
Araştırma Bulguları: Mezarlıktaki ağaçlar brüt olarak yılda yaklaşık 7.136 ton karbonu tutmakta ve 1.610 ton karbonu depolamaktadır. Alandaki bitkiler yılda yaklaşık 452 m3 bir yüzey akışı engellemekte ve 143,9 kg hava kirleticisini ortadan kaldırmaktadır. Son olarak mezarlıktaki ağaçların yıllık 19,03 ton oksijen ürettiği hesaplanmıştır.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, daha iyi düzenleyici ekosistem servislerini üretebilmek için geniş taçlı ağaçların kullanıldığı, büyük bölümü geçirgen olan geniş yeşil alanların tasarımını önermektedir.

Keywords

yeşil alanlar, ekosistem servisleri, I-Tree Eco, mezarlık

Assessing ecosystem services of urban green spaces: the case of Eugene Pioneer Cemetery, Eugene, OR (USA)

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify four regulating ecosystem services; carbon sequestration and storage, avoided run-off, air pollution removal by trees and oxygen production in the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery, OR (USA).
Material and Methods: For data preparation the field data of trees was collected on paper data sheets. Collected data in the field were land-use type, tree species, diameters of breast height-DBH (cm), total tree height (m), live crown height (m), crown base height (m), and crown percent missing. In data analysis I-Tree Eco model version 6 developed by the U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station was used.
Results: The gross sequestration of the cemetery trees is about 7,136 metric tons of carbon per year. Trees in the cemetery were estimated to store 1,610 metric tons of carbon. The trees and shrubs of the cemetery help to avoid run-off by an estimated 452 cubic meters a year. It was estimated that trees remove 143,9 kilograms of air pollutions. Trees in the cemetery were estimated to produce 19,03 metric tons of oxygen per year.
Conclusion: This study recommends large green areas (large permeable surfaces) and trees with large crowns in the planting design as a better solution for regulating ecosystem services.

Keywords

Green areas, ecosystem services, I-Tree Eco, cemetery

References

• Abdollahi, K.K., Z.H. Ning & A. Appeaning, 2000. Global climate change and the urban forest. GCRCC and Franklin Baton Rouge, LA, Press. 77 pp.
• Chiesura, A., 2004. The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landsc. Urban Plan., 68(1): 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003 .
• Coskun Hepcan, C. & S. Hepcan, 2017. Ege Üniversitesi Lojmanlar yerleşkesinin hava kalitesinin iyileştirilmesine yönelik düzenleyici ekosistem servislerinin hesaplanması. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 54 (1):113-120.
• Coskun Hepcan, C. & S. Hepcan, 2018. Assessing regulating ecosystem services provided by the Ege University Rectorship Garden. Urban For. Urban Green., 34: 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.05.011 .
• Derkzen, M.L., A.J.A. Van Teeffelen & P.H. Verburg, 2015. Quantifying urban ecosystem services based on high resolution data of urban green space: an assessment for Rotterdam, the Netherlands, J. Appl. Ecol., 52: 1020-1032. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12469 .
• EPC, 2018. Eugene Pioneer Cemetery. (Web page: http://www.eugenepioneercemetery.org/about/directions) (Date accessed: July 2018).
• European Commission, 2011. The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Luxembourg. (Web page: http://dx.doi.org/%2010.2779/39229) (Date accessed: July 2018)
• Forman, R.T.T., 2014. Urban Ecology Science of Cities. University Press, Cambridge, pp. 462
• Helden, A.J., G.C. Stamp & S.R. Leather, 2012. Urban biodiversity: comparison of insect assemblages on native and non-native trees. Urban Ecosyst., 15: 611-624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-012-0231-x .
• Hirabayashi, S., 2012. I-Tree Eco precipitation interception model descriptions. (Web page: http://www.itreetools.org/eco/resources/iTree_Eco_Precipitation_nterception_Model_Descriptions_V1_2.pdf) (Date accessed: April 2015).
• Hubacek, K. & J. Kronenberg, 2013. Synthesizing different perspectives on the value of urban ecosystem services. Landsc. Urban Plan., 109 (1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.10.010 .
• Mexia, T., J. Vieira, A. Príncipe, A. Anjos, P. Silva, N. Lopes, C. Freitas, M. Santos-Reis, O. Correia, C. Branquinho & O. Pinho, 2018. Ecosystem services: Urban parks under a magnifying glass. Environ. Res., 160 (2018) 469-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.023 .
• Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane & J.C. Stevens, 2006. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban for Urban Green 4:115-123. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2006.01.007 .
• Nowak, D.J., J.C. Stevens, S.M. Sisinni & C.J. Luley, 2002. Effects of urban tree management and species selection on atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of Arboriculture. 28 (3): 113-122.
• Nowak, D.J., R. Hoehn & D.E. Crane, 2007. Oxygen Production by Urban Trees in the United States. Arboric. Urban For. 33 (3): 220-226.
• Nowak, D.J., S. Hirabayashi, A. Bodine & E. Greenfield, 2014. Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States. Environ Pollut., 193: 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.028 .
• Oregon Invasive Species Council, 2014. 100 Worst List OR: Oregon Invasive Species Council. (http://www.oregoninvasivespeciescouncil.org/media/100_worst.pdf) (Date accessed: July 2018)
• Parsa, V.A., E. Salehi & A. Yavari, 2020. Improving the provision of ecosystem services from urban forest by integrating the species’ potential environmental functions in tree selecting process. Landscape Ecol Eng., 16:23-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-019-00401-x .
• Railey, C.B., A.H. Daniel & M.M. Gardiner, 2018. Exotic trees contribute to urban forest diversity and ecosystem services in inner-city Cleveland, OH. Urban Urban For. Urban Green., 29: 367-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.01.012 .
• Rivers to Ridges Partnership, 2015. The Rivers to Ridges (R2R) Annual Report 2015. ((Web page: https://rivers2ridges.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/2015-R2R-Annual-Report-FINAL.pdf) (Date accessed: April 2021)
• Schwendenmann, L. & N.D. Mitchell, 2014. Carbon accumulation by native trees and soils in an urban park, Auckland. N.Z.J.Ecol., 38(2): 213- 220.
• Selmia, W., C. Weber, E. Rivière, N. Blonda, L. Mehdia & D. Nowa, 2016. Air pollution removal by trees in public green spaces in Strasbourg city, France. Urban for Urban Green., 17:192-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.04.010 .
• Strom ,S., K. Nathan & J. Woland, 2013. Site Engineering for Landscape Architects. Sixth Edition. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Haboken, NJ. 341 pp.
• USDAFS, 2008. United States Department of Agriculture and Forest Service. I-Tree User’s Manual. (Web page: www.itreetols.org/resources/manuals/i-Tree%20Eco% 20Users%Manual.pdf ) (Date accessed: April 2014)
• Zhou, X. & Y. Wang, 2011. Spatial-temporal dynamics of urban green spaces in response to rapid urbanization and greening policies. Landsc. Urban Plan., 100: 268-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.12.013 .