TCSG-132 Gemi Batığı Yapay Resifinin (Gökçeada, Kuzey Ege Denizi) Biyoçeşitliliği

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 313 - 329, 01.09.2019

Deniz Acarlı , Semih Kale , Sinan Kocabaş

https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.677175

Cited By: 5

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Gökçeada kıyılarında 22,4 – 24,8 m derinlikleri arasında bulunan TCSG-132 isimli gemi batığı üzerindeki ve çevresindeki denizel biyolojik çeşitliliğin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda Ekim 2018 – Eylül 2019 tarihleri arasında sualtında türleri tanıyabilme yeteneğine sahip dalgıçlar düzenli olarak SCUBA takımları ile dalışlar gerçekleştirmiştir. Dalışlar süresince verilerin elde edilmesinde görsel sayım teknikleri (transekt, nokta sayım, kuadrat), fotoğraf çekimleri ve video kayıtları kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda 19 familyaya ait 28 türden 12708 birey kaydedilmiştir. Bunların içinde 15 türün ekonomik öneme sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. En çok gözlenen türlerin balıklardan kupes (Boops boops, %44,55), papaz (Chromis chromis, %26,44) ve izmarit (Spicara maena, %15,50) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, TCSG-132 gemi batığının denizel türler için önemli bir yapay resif olarak hizmet ettiği ve canlılara yaşama, sığınma, yumurtlama, beslenme ve koruma imkanları sağladığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gemi batığı, Yapay resif, Görsel sayım, Biyolojik çeşitlilik, Ege Denizi

Teşekkür

ÇOMÜ-3 isimli araştırma gemisinin kaptanı Yılmaz Tokoğlu’na lojistik destek sağladığı için teşekkür ederiz. Bu çalışma Sinan Kocabaş’ın yüksek lisans tezinin bir bölümünü içermektedir.

Biodiversity of TCSG-132 Shipwreck Artificial Reef (Gökçeada, North Aegean Sea)

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to determine the species composition and marine biodiversity on and around the TCSG-132 shipwreck, which was located between 22.4 and 24.8 m depths in the coasts of Gökçeada Island. In this context, aquanauts regularly conducted SCUBA-equipped dives between October 2018 and September 2019. Visual counting techniques (transect and point-count (quadrat)), photo shoots and video recordings were used to obtain the data during the dives. As a result of the study, 12708 individuals from 28 different species belonging to 19 families were recorded. Among these, 15 species were determined to have economic importance. The most commonly observed species were bogue (Boops boops, 44.55%), damselfish (Chromis chromis, 26.44%) and blotched picarel (Spicara maena, 15.50%). In conclusion, TCSG-132 shipwreck has been found to serve as an important artificial reef for marine species and to provide living, sheltering, spawning, feeding and conservation opportunities for marine species.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Shipwreck, Artificial reef, Visual census, Biological diversity, Aegean Sea

Kaynakça

• Acarli, D. & Ayaz, A. (2015). Using concrete artificial reef as a tool to enrich the new marine habitat in Erdek-Ocaklar Bay (Marmara Sea, Turkey). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24(2A), 602-609.
• Acarlı, D., & Kale, S. (2020). Species-specific artificial reef models for lobster (Homarus gammarus Linnaeus 1758). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(1): (In press).
• Acarli, D., Ayaz, A., Altinağaç, U., Özekinci, U., Bayhan, B., & Kara, A. (2013). Determination of fish fauna at artificial reefs using underwater visual census methods in Erdek-Ocaklar (Marmara Sea/Turkey). In 10th CARAH – International Conference on Artificial Reefs and Related Aquatic Habitats, (pp 61). İzmir, Turkey.
• Acarlı, D., Kale, S., & Çakır, K. (2018). A new maximum length for the garfish, Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) in the coast of Gökçeada Island (Aegean Sea, Turkey). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 59(4), 385-389.
• Acarlı, D., Kale, S., & Kara, A. (2019a). New alternative fishing gear suggestions for trap fisheries from the waste recycle materials: Case study for Muricidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 8(2), 92-97.
• Acarlı, D., Kale, S., & Kara, A. (2019b). Can brush parks aggregate species in lagoon systems? A case of Homa Lagoon, Aegean Sea, Turkey. Marine and Life Sciences, 1 (1), 17-24.
• Akça, N. (2010). Boncuk Koyu’ndaki (Gökova Körfezi) Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) türünün biyoekolojisi üzerine sualtı gözlemleri. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Aydın.
• Altın, A., Ayyıldız, H., Kale, S. & Alver, C. (2015). Length-weight relationships of forty-nine fish species from shallow waters of Gökçeada Island, northern Aegean Sea Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 39(5), 971-975.
• Altinağaç, U., Ayaz, A., Acarli, D., & Özekinci, U. (2013). Determination of the fish species composition of Saroz artificial reefs in İbrice (Saroz Bay, Turkey). 10th CARAH – International Conference on Artificial Reefs and Related Aquatic Habitats. İzmir, Turkey. 63 pp.
• Ayaz, A., Ünal, V., Acarlı, D. & Altınağac, U. (2010). Fishing gear losses in the Gökova Special Environmental Protection Area (SEPA), eastern Mediterranean, Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 26(3), 416-419.
• Bektaş, A. (2017). Gökçeada (Kuzey Ege denizi) çevresinde yaşayan sarpa [Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758)] balığı populasyonunun biyolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Balıkesir.
• Bianchi, C.N., & Morri, C. (2000). Marine biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Situation, problems and prospects for future research. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(5), 367-376.
• Bodilis, P., Louisy, P., Draman, M., Arceo, H.O., & Francour, P., (2014). Can citizen science survey non-indigenous fish species in the eastern Mediterranean Sea?, Environmental management, 53(1), 172-180.
• Breannan, M.L., Davis, D., Ballard, R.D., Trembenis, A.C., Vaughn, J.I., Krumholz, J.S., Delgado, J.P., Romon, C.N., Smart, C., Bell, K.L.C., Duman, M., & Duval, C. (2015). Quantification of bottom trawl fishing damage to ancient shipwreck sites. Marine Geology, 371, 82-88.
• Brennan, M.L., Ballard, R.D., Roman, C., Bell, K.L.C., Buxton, B., Coleman, D.F., Inglis, G., Köyağasıoğlu, O., & Turanlı, T. (2011). Evaluation of the modern submarine landscape off southwestern Turkey through the documentation of ancient shipwreck sites. Continental Shelf Research, 43, 55-70.
• Bulleri, F., & Airoldi, L. (2005). Artificial marine structures facilitate the spread of a non-indigenous green alga, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, in the North Adriatic Sea, Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(6), 1063-1072.
• Cengiz, Ö., İşmen, A., Özekinci, U., & Öztekin, A. (2011). Saroz Körfezi (Kuzey Ege Denizi) balık faunası üzerine bir araştırma. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 11 (011003), 31-37.
• Cheung, W.W.L., Lam, V.W.Y., & Pauly, D. (Eds). (2008) Modelling present and climate-shifted distribution of marine fishes and invertebrates. University of British Columbia, Fisheries Centre Research Report, 16(3), Vancouver.
• Cochrane, S.K.J., Andersen, J.H., Berg, T., Blanchet, H., Borja, A., Carstensen, J., Elliott, M., Hummel, H., Niquil, N., & Renaud, P.E. (2016). What is marine biodiversity? Towards common concepts and their implications for assessing biodiversity status. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, 248.
• Çoker, T., & Akyol, O. (2018). Saroz Körfezi ve Gökçeada (Kuzey Ege Denizi) balık tür çeşitliliği üzerine bir değerlendirme. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences, 4(1), 81-92.
• Ejder, T., Kale, S., Acar, S., Hisar, O., & Mutlu, F. (2016a). Effects of climate change on annual streamflow of Kocabaş Stream (Çanakkale, Turkey). Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 11(4), 1-11.
• Ejder, T., Kale, S., Acar, S., Hisar, O., & Mutlu, F. (2016b). Restricted effects of climate change on annual streamflow of Sarıçay stream (Çanakkale, Turkey). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 5(1), 7-11.
• Francour, P., Boudouresque, C.F., Harmelin, J.G., Harmelin-Vivien, M.L., & Quignard, J.P. (1994). Are the Mediterranean waters becoming warmer? Information from biological indicators. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28(9), 523-526.
• Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W.N., & Van der Laan, R. (eds) (2020). Eschmeyer’s catalog of fishes: Genera, species, references. (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/ catalog/fishcatmain.asp). Electronic version accessed 17 Jan 2020.
• Genzano, G., Giberto, D., & Bremec, C. (2011). Benthic survey of natural and artificial reefs off Mar del Plata, Argentina, southwestern Atlantic. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 39(3), 553-566.
• Gönülal, O. (2008). Gökçeada Kıyı Balıkçılığına Genel Bir Bakış. Gökçeada Değerleri Sempozyumu, Gökçeada, Çanakkale, Türkiye. ss. 151-133.
• Gücü, A.C., & Erkan, F. (2005). A holistic approach for the conservation of the Mediterranean monk seal on the Cilician coast of Turkey. Proceedings of the INOC International Workshop on Marine and Coastal Protected Areas, 23-25.
• Gül, B., Lök, A, Ulaş, A., & Düzbastılar, F.O. (2006). The investigation on fish composition at artificial reefs deployed on different substrates off Ürkmez Coast. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 23 (1-3), 431-434.
• Gul, B., Lok, A., Ozgul, A., Ulaş, A., Duzbastilar, F.O., & Metin, C. (2011). Comparison of fish community structure on artificial reefs deployed at different depths on Turkish Aegean Sea coast. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 59, 27-32.
• Harmelin-Vivien, M.L., & Harmelin, J.G. (1975). Pre´sentation d’une me´thode d’e´valuation ‘‘in situ’’ de la fauna ichtyologique, Travaux scientifiques du Parc national de Port-Cros, 1, 47-52.
• Honario, P.P.F., Ramos, R.T.C., & Feitoza, B.M. (2010). Composition and structure of reef fish communities in Parabia State, North-eastern Brazil. Journal of Fish Biology, 77, 907-926.
• Hooper, D.U., Chapin, F.S.I., Ewel, J.J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P., Lavorel, S., Lawton, J.H., Lodge, D.M., Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Schmid, B., Setälä, H., Symstad, A.J., Vandermeer, J., & Wardle, D.A. (2005). Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs, 75(1), 3-35.
• Horasanlı, A. (2016). Yıldız Koyu’nda (Gökçeada) bulunan balık topluluklarının dağılımlarının sualtı görsel sayım tekniği ile belirlenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
• Jensen, A.C. (2002). Artificial reefs of Europe: Perspective and future. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59, 3-13.
• Jimenez, C., Hadjioannou, L., Petrou, A., Andreou, V., & Georojou, A. (2016). Fouling communities of two accidental artificial reefs (modern shipwrecks) in Cyprus (Levantine Sea). Water, 9(1), 11.
• Kale, S. (2014). Gökçeada sığ sularında bulunan Sparidae ailesine ait genç balık türlerinin dağılımlarının CBS ile modellenmesi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çanakkale.
• Kale, S. (2017a) Climatic trends in the temperature of Çanakkale city, Turkey. Natural and Engineering Sciences, 2(3), 14-27.
• Kale, S. (2017b) Analysis of climatic trends in evaporation for Çanakkale (Turkey). Middle East Journal of Science, 3(2), 69-82.
• Kale, S., & Acarlı, D. (2019a). Spatial and temporal change monitoring in water surface area of Atikhisar Reservoir (Çanakkale, Turkey) by using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 34(1), 47-56.
• Kale, S., & Acarli, D. (2019b). Shoreline change monitoring in Atikhisar Reservoir by using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(5), 4329-4339.
• Kale, S., & Sönmez, A. Y. (2018b). Trend analysis of streamflow of Akkaya Stream (Turkey). In Dadaşoğlu, F., Tozlu, E., Çığ, F. and Yıldırım, E (eds.). Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Food, Agriculture and Animal Sciences, pp. 33-45. Antalya, Turkey.
• Kale, S., & Sönmez, A.Y. (2018a). Trend analysis of mean monthly, seasonally and annual streamflow of Daday Stream in Kastamonu, Turkey. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 7(2), 60-67.
• Kale, S., & Sönmez, A.Y. (2019a). Trend analysis for annual streamflow of Ilgaz Stream (Turkey). In Proceeding Book of the 2nd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science, pp. 631-639.
• Kale, S., & Sönmez, A.Y. (2019b). Trend analysis for annual streamflow of Araç Stream (Turkey). In Proceeding Book of the 2nd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science, pp. 706-713.
• Kale, S., & Sönmez, A.Y. (2019c). Trend Analysis for Streamflow of Devrekani Stream (Turkey). Review of Hydrobiology, 12(1-2), 23-37.
• Kale, S., Ejder, T., Hisar, O., & Mutlu, F. (2016a). Climate change impacts on streamflow of Karamenderes River (Çanakkale, Turkey). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 5(2), 1-6.
• Kale, S., Ejder, T., Hisar, O., & Mutlu, F. (2016b). Effect of climate change on annual streamflow of Bakırçay River. Adıyaman University Journal of Science, 6(2), 156-176.
• Kale, S., Hisar, O., Sönmez, A.Y., Mutlu, F., & Filho, W.L. (2018) An assessment of the effects of climate change on annual streamflow in rivers in western Turkey. International Journal of Global Warming, 15(2), 190-211.
• Karakulak, F.S., Erk, H., & Bilgin, B. (2006). Length-weight relationships for 47 coastal fish species from the northern Aegean Sea, Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22(4), 274-278.
• Keskin, Ç. (1996). Gökçeada civarı ihtiyofaunası’nın çeşitlilik ve verimlilik yönünden araştırılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
• Keskin, Ç. (2004). Composition of species and biomass of coastal fish around Gökçeada Island (NE Aegean Sea). Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 10, 187-200.
• Keskin, Ç., & Oral, M. (2007). A preliminary study on the fish community structure around Gökçeada Island, North Aegean Sea, Turkey. 38th CIESM (International Mediterranean Science Commusion) Congress, Istanbul, Turkey. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 38, 517.
• Keskin, Ç., & Ünsal, N. (1998). The fish fauna of Gökçeada Island, NE Aegean Sea, Turkey. Italian Journal of Zoology, 65, 299-302.
• Kocabaş, S., & Acarlı, D. (2019). First observation of loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta (Linnaeus 1758) around the shipwreck used as an artificial reef in the coasts of Gokceada Island, North Aegean Sea. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 8(2), 36-39.
• Krumholz, J.S., & Brennan, M.L. (2015). Fishing for common ground: Investigations of the impact of trawling on ancient shipwreck sites uncovers a potential for management synergy. Marine Policy, 31, 127-133.
• Lök, A., & Özgül, A. (2010). Fish assemblages around fish aggregation devices in Aegean Sea coast of Turkey. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 39, 573.
• Lök, A., Gül, B., Ulaş, A., Düzbastılar, F.O., & Metin, C. (2008). Diel variations on the fish assemblages at artificial reefs in two different environments of the Aegean Sea (Western coast of Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8, 79-85.
• Lok, A., Gül, B., Ulaş, A., Metin, C., Düzbastılar, O., Çakaloz, A., & Özgül, A. (2007). Determination of fish compositions at artificial reefs deployed three different depths (20, 30 and 40m) in Aegean Sea coast of Turkey: Preliminary results. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 38, 531.
• Lok, A., Metin, C., Ulaş, A., Duzbastilar, F.O., & Tokac, A. (2002). Artificial reefs in Turkey, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59, 192-195.
• Morri C., & Bianchi, C.N. (2001). Recent changes in biodiversity in the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean): Is there a climatic forcing?. In: Faranda, F.M., Guglielmo, L., Spezie, G. (eds) Mediterranean Ecosystems. Springer, Milano.
• Özalp, H.B. (2009). Çanakkale Boğazı Çanakkale sualtı ve can kurtarma spor kulübü sualtı istasyonuna bırakılan fiberglas, ahşap, lastik, demir ve seramik malzemelerin cezbettiği balık türlerinin incelenmesi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çanakkale.
• Özgül, A., & Lök, A. (2017). Artificial reef studies in Turkey. In: Erkanal, H., Şahoğlu, V., Tuğcu, İ. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of Underwater Science and Technology, İzmir, Turkey. Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara, Turkey
• Roessig, J.M., Woodley, C.M., Cech, J.J., & Hansen, L.J. (2004) Effects of global climate change on marine and estuarine fishes and fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 14, 251-275.
• Sakinan, S., & Gucu, A.C., (2010). Selection of the priority areas on the west coasts of Mersin using GIS to assess a marine conservation planning. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 39, 793.
• Sala, E., Kizilkaya, Z., Yildirim, D., & Ballesteros, E. (2011). Alien marine fishes deplete algal biomass in the eastern Mediterranean. PLoS One, 6(2), e17356.
• Sala, O.E., Chapin, F.S.3rd., Armesto, J.J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L.F., Jackson, R.B., Kinzig, A., Leemans, R., Lodge, D.M., Mooney, H.A., Oesterheld, M., Poff, N.L., Sykes, M.T., Walker, B.H., Walker, M., & Wall, D.H. (2000). Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287(5459), 1779-1774.
• Simon, T., Pinheiro, H.T., & Joyeux, J.C. (2010). Target fishes on artificial reefs: Evidences of impacts over nearby natural environments. Science of the Total Environment, 409, 4579- 4584.
• Sönmez, A. Y., & Kale, S. (2020) Climate change effects on annual streamflow of Filyos River (Turkey). Journal of Water and Climate Change, (In press), doi:10.2166/wcc.2018.060
• Stachowicz, J.J., Bruno, J.F., & Duffy, E. (2002). Understanding the effects of marine biodiversity on communities and ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 38, 739-766.
• Türetken, K.F. (2009). Gökçeada civarı (Kuzey Ege Denizi) derin deniz balıklarının nitel-nicel özellikleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
• Ulas, A., Düzbastılar, F.O., Lök, A., & Metin, C. (2007). A prestudy for determining of efficiency of fish sampling methods on artificial reefs. Ege Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 24 (3-4), 287-293.
• Ulaş, A., Lök, A., Duzbastilar, F.O., Özgül, A., & Metin, C. (2011). A new artificial reef design for octopus (Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797) in the Aegean Sea and preliminary results. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 59, 21-25.
• Worm, B., Barbier, E.B., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J.E., Folke, C., Halpern, B.S., Jackson, J.B.C., Lotze, H.K., Micheli, F., Palumbi, S.R., Sala, E., Selkoe, K.A., Stachowich, J.J., & Watson, R. (2006). Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science, 314, 787-790.
• Yıldız, T., Gönülal, O., & Karakulak, S. (2012). Gökçeada (Ege Denizi) kıyı balıkçılığında kullanılan av araçları ve teknik özellikleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 27, 1-25.