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ON THE NETHERLANDS THE EFFECT OF COVID-19 EPIDEMIC ON LABOR MARKET

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 356 - 385, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1172775

Öz

Because of the spread of the COVID-19 crisis around the world, many areas from education to health, from economy to international relations have been affected. The most important feature that distinguishes this epidemic from other epidemics is its global spread. The Dutch economy, which was in a good position compared to other countries at the beginning of the crisis brought about by the epidemic, deteriorated with the continuation of the epidemic. The support given to companies, employees, entrepreneurs and self-employed during the epidemic in the country caused a deficit in the budget, as in many countries. In this study, in which the effect of the epidemic crisis on the countries is handled in the Netherlands, the change in the number of cases from the first detection of COVID-19 in the Netherlands to the present day and the measures taken to prevent the epidemic are discussed. It also focuses on the state of the labor market before and during the epidemic. When evaluated in general, it is seen that employment losses are higher in jobs that require face-to-face contact during the epidemic, but the opposite situation occurs in jobs that can be done remotely or in basic industries. While the epidemic continued until 2022, it resulted in temporary layoffs and long-term negative effects on affected employees. However, there was a less significant economic contraction compared to other countries. Effective support policies and high level of digitalization and remote working, which were at significant rates before the epidemic, are cited as the reason for this situation.

Kaynakça

  • Adams-Prassl, A., Teodora B., Marta G. & Christopher R. (2020). Inequality in the Impact of the Coronavirus Shock: Evidence from real time surveys. Journal of Public Economics, (189), 1-49.
  • Aksünger, S. (2022, Haziran 6). Hollanda’da en yüksek günlük kovid-19 vakasına ulaşıldı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/hollandada-en-yuksek-gunluk-kovid-19-vakasina-ulasildi/2481969, adresinden erişildi.
  • Allaart, P. & Bellmann, L. (2007). Reasons for part-time work: an Empirical analysis for Germany and the Netherlands. International Journal of Manpower, 28(7), 557-570. doi: 10.1108/01437720710830052
  • Antonides, G., & Van Leeuwen, E. (2021). Covid-19 Crisis in the Netherlands: “Only Together We Can Control Corona”. Mind & Society, 20(2), 201-207. doi: 10.1007/s11299-020-00257-x
  • Arslan, İ. & Bayar, İ. (2020). Covid-19 salgını, ekonomik etkileri ve küresel ekonominin geleceği. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, (Özel Sayı), 87-104. doi: 10.21547/jss.773356
  • Balgova, M., Trenkle, S., Zimpelmann, C., & Pestel, N. (2022). Job search during a pandemic recession: Survey evidence from the Netherlands. Labour Economics, 75, 102142.
  • Béland, L. P., Brodeur, A. & Wright, T. (2020). The Short-Term Economic Consequences of COVID-19: Exposure to Disease, Remote Work and Government Response. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 13159, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn.
  • Burri, S. D. (2009). The Netherlands: Precarious employment in a context of flexicurity. In Gender and the Contours of Precarious Employment (pp. 141-156). Routledge.
  • Cammeraat, E., Jongen, E., & Koning, P. (2022). The added-worker effect in the Netherlands before and during the Great Recession. Review of Economics of the Household, 1-27. doi: 10.1007/s11150-021-09595-2
  • CBS-Statistics Netherlands (2022), (Veri dosyası). https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/en/dataset/82309 ENG/table?ts=1651062771030 adresinden erişildi.
  • Cortes, M. G. (2020). Heterogeneous Labor Market Impacts during the Early Stages of the Covid-19 Pandemic. Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis Working Paper series 20–13.
  • Crossley, T. F., Fisher, P. & Low, H. (2020). The Heterogeneous and regressive consequences of COVID-19: Evidence from high quality panel data. Journal of Public Economics, (193), 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104334
  • De Graaf-Zijl, M., Van Der Horst, A., Van Vuuren, D., Erken, H., & Luginbuhl, R. (2015). Long-Term unemployment and the great recession in the Netherlands: Economic mechanisms and policy implications. De Economist, 163(4), 415-434. doi: 10.1007/s10645-015-9263-y
  • Drijvers, P., Thurm, D., Vandervieren, E., Klinger, M., Moons, F., van der Ree, H., Mol, A., Barzel, B. & Doorman, M. (2021). Distance Mathematics Teaching in Flanders, Germany, and the Netherlands during COVID-19 Lockdown, Educational Studies in Mathematics, 108(1), 35-64. doi: 10.1007/s10649-021-10094-5
  • Duran, H. (2020). Devletlerin Koronavirüsle Karşılaştırmalı Mücadele Stratejileri, İstanbul: SETA Yayınları.
  • Embregts, P., Heerkens, L., Frielink, N., Giesbers, S., Vromans, L., & Jahoda, A. (2021). Experiences of Mothers Caring for a Child with an Intellectual Disability during the COVID‐19 Pandemic in the Netherlands. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 65(8), 760-771. doi: 10.1111/jir.12859
  • Goolsbee, A., & Syverson, C. (2021). Fear, lockdown, and diversion: Comparing drivers of pandemic economic decline 2020. Journal of public economics, 193, 104311.
  • Göl, M. V. & Dural, B. Y. (2021). Genç işsizlik ve istihdam, eğitim veya öğretimde olmayan gençler: ab ve türkiye açısından bir değerlendirme. S. Sarı & A. H. Gencer (Edt.), International Conference on Eurasian Economies. 230-238.
  • Görmüş, A. (2021). Kısmi süreli işlerin kalitesi: çoklu doğrusal regresyon modeli ile OECD ülkelerinden bulgular. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 397-416. doi: 10.17541/optimum.915213
  • Gustafsson, S., Kenjoh, E. & Wetzels, C. (2001). Employment choices and pay differences between non-standard and standard work in Britain, Germany, Netherlands and Sweden (No. 01-086/3). Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper.
  • Güneç, Ö. (2020, Mart 23). 5 Soru: Hollanda’da Koronavirüs Salgını. https://www.setav.org/5-soru-hollandada-koronavirus-salgini/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Güneç, Ö. (2020, Mayıs 9). 5 Soru: Hollanda’nın Kısmi Karantina Sonrası Normale Dönüş Süreci. https://www.setav.org/5-soru-hollandanin-kismi-karantina-sonrasi-normale-donus-sureci/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Günther, S. (1997). The Dutch employment miracle? A comparison of employment systems in the Netherlands and Germany, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) Discussion Paper, No. FS I 97-202.
  • https://allecijfers.nl/nieuws/statistieken-over-het-corona-virus-en-covid19/#Corona_kerncijfers, Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2022.
  • https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2022/03/15/further-easing-of-coronavirus-measures, Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2022.
  • https://www.ituekonomikulubu.com/post/dot-com-balonu-nedir, Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2022.
  • Hult, M., Pietilä, A. M., & Saaranen, T. (2020). The factors predicting quality of life among unemployed adults: A model based on salutogenic approach. Social Indicators Research, 152(3), 1197-1211.
  • Kabátek, J. (2021). Happy birthday, you’re fired! Effects of an age-dependent minimum wage on youth employment flows in the Netherlands. ILR Review, 74(4), 1008-1035.
  • Kapar, R. (2011). Hollanda’da kadınların kısmi süreli istihdama etkileri. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2(29), 129-163.
  • Kuiper, M. E., de Bruijn, A. L., Reinders Folmer, C., Olthuis, E., Brownlee, M., Kooistra, E. B., Fine, A. & Van Rooij, B. (2020). The intelligent lockdown: Compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures in the Netherlands. Amsterdam Law School Research Paper. (20).
  • Lammers, M., & Kok, L. (2021). Are active labor market policies (cost-) effective in the long run? Evidence from the Netherlands. Empirical Economics, 60(4), 1719-1746. doi: 10.1007/s00181-019-01812-3
  • McAllister, A., Nylén, L., Backhans, M., Boye, K., Thielen, K., Whitehead, M., & Burström, B. (2015). Do ‘flexicurity’policies work for people with low education and health problems? A comparison of labour market policies and employment rates in Denmark, The Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom 1990–2010. International Journal of Health Services, 45(4), 679-705.
  • Montenovo, L., Jiang, X., Rojas, F. L., Schmutte, I. M., Simon, K. I., Weinberg, B. A., & Wing, C. (2020). Determinants of disparities in COVID-19 job losses (No. w27132). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Murat, S. & Şahin, L. (2011). Gençlerin istihdamı/işsizliği bakımından Türk eğitim sisteminin değerlendirilmesi. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(30), 93-135.
  • OECD, (2021). State of Health in the EU: the Netherlands Country Health Profile 2021. European Commission.
  • Özkan, Y. (2022). Hollanda'da Covid aşısı konusunda şüpheleri olanlar için Türkçe danışma hattı. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-59948088 adresinden erişildi.
  • Palmer, K. S. Stalteri, R., Zogo, C. O. Carbone, S. Stall, N. M., Jüni, P., & Law, S. (2021). COVID-19 Infection Prevention and Control (IPAC) in long-term care facilities in two OECD countries, the Netherlands and Denmark: Best Practices, Implementation, Compliance, COVID-19 Science Knowledge, CanCOVID Issue Note.
  • Perspektif, (2022, Ocak 27), Hollanda’da Pandemi Nedeniyle Uygulanan Kapanma Tedbirleri Son Buldu. https://perspektif.eu/2022/01/27/hollandada-pandemi-nedeniyle-uygulanan-kapanma-tedbirleri-son-buldu/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Rotar, L. J. (2021). Evaluation of the effectiveness of employment programmes on young unemployed people. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 32(1), 60–69. doi: 10.5755/j01.ee.32.1.23276 Schers, H., van Weel, C., van Boven, K., Akkermans, R., Bischoff, E. & olde Hartman, T. (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic in Nijmegen, the Netherlands: Changes in presented health problems and demand for primary care. The Annals of Family Medicine, 19(1), 44-47. doi: 10.1370/afm.2625
  • Son, J. W. (2020). Welfare states with work: government partisanship and policy responsiveness in the Netherlands. Politics & Policy, 48(3), 525-549. doi: 10.1111/polp.12356
  • Son, J. W. (2022). Who represents outsiders? A comparative study of the Netherlands, Ireland, and Sweden. Comparative European Politics, 1-20. doi: 10.1057/s41295-022-00275-8
  • Şimdi, M., & Aydın, H. İ. (2020). Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin beşeri sermaye görünümü üzerine bir çözümleme. Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(2), 140-153.
  • Van Asten, L., Harmsen, C. N., Stoeldraijer, L., Klinkenberg, D., Teirlinck, A. C., De Lange, M. M., Meijer, A., Van De Kassteele J., Van Gageldonk & Van Der Hoek, W. (2021). Excess deaths during influenza and coronavirus disease and infection-fatality rate for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(2), 411-420.
  • WHO-World Health Organization (2022). Netherlands Situation. https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/nl adresinden erişildi.
  • ZonMw, (2020, Nisan). COVID-19 Programm. https://www.zonmw.nl/en/research-and-results/infectious-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance/programmas/programme-detail/covid-19-programme/ adresinden erişildi.

HOLLANDA’DA COVID-19 SALGINININ İŞGÜCÜ PİYASASINA ETKİSİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 356 - 385, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1172775

Öz

COVID-19 krizinin dünya genelinde yayılması sonucunda eğitimden sağlığa ekonomiden uluslararası ilişkilere kadar birçok alanı etkilenmiştir. Bu salgını diğer salgınlardan ayıran en önemli özelliği küresel olarak yayılmasıdır. Salgının beraberinde getirdiği krizin başlarında diğer ülkelere göre iyi konumda olan Hollanda ekonomisi salgının devam etmesiyle kötüleşmiştir. Ülkede salgın süresince şirketlere, çalışanlara, girişimcilere ve serbest meslek sahiplerine verilen destekler birçok ülkede olduğu gibi bütçede açık verilmesine neden olmuştur. Salgın krizinin ülkelere olan etkisinin Hollanda özelinde ele alındığı bu çalışmada Hollanda COVID-19’un ilk tespitinden günümüze kadar olan vaka sayılarının değişimi ve salgının önlenmesine yönelik alınan tedbirlerin neler olduğu ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca salgın öncesinde ve süresince işgücü piyasasının durumu üzerinde durulmaktadır. Genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde salgın sürecinde yüz yüze temas gerektiren işlerde istihdam kayıplarının daha fazla olduğu ancak uzaktan yapılabilen veya temel endüstrilerde olan işlerde ise tersi bir durumun ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir. Salgın 2022’ye kadar devam ederken, işten geçici ayrılıklar ve bu süreçten etkilenen çalışanlar üzerinde uzun vadeli olumsuz etkilere yol açmıştır. Ancak diğer ülkelere kıyasla daha az belirgin bir ekonomik daralma görülmüştür. Bu durumun nedeni olarak da etkili destek politikaları ve yüksek düzeyde dijitalleşme ve salgından önce öneli oranlarda olan uzaktan çalışma gösterilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Adams-Prassl, A., Teodora B., Marta G. & Christopher R. (2020). Inequality in the Impact of the Coronavirus Shock: Evidence from real time surveys. Journal of Public Economics, (189), 1-49.
  • Aksünger, S. (2022, Haziran 6). Hollanda’da en yüksek günlük kovid-19 vakasına ulaşıldı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/hollandada-en-yuksek-gunluk-kovid-19-vakasina-ulasildi/2481969, adresinden erişildi.
  • Allaart, P. & Bellmann, L. (2007). Reasons for part-time work: an Empirical analysis for Germany and the Netherlands. International Journal of Manpower, 28(7), 557-570. doi: 10.1108/01437720710830052
  • Antonides, G., & Van Leeuwen, E. (2021). Covid-19 Crisis in the Netherlands: “Only Together We Can Control Corona”. Mind & Society, 20(2), 201-207. doi: 10.1007/s11299-020-00257-x
  • Arslan, İ. & Bayar, İ. (2020). Covid-19 salgını, ekonomik etkileri ve küresel ekonominin geleceği. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, (Özel Sayı), 87-104. doi: 10.21547/jss.773356
  • Balgova, M., Trenkle, S., Zimpelmann, C., & Pestel, N. (2022). Job search during a pandemic recession: Survey evidence from the Netherlands. Labour Economics, 75, 102142.
  • Béland, L. P., Brodeur, A. & Wright, T. (2020). The Short-Term Economic Consequences of COVID-19: Exposure to Disease, Remote Work and Government Response. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 13159, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn.
  • Burri, S. D. (2009). The Netherlands: Precarious employment in a context of flexicurity. In Gender and the Contours of Precarious Employment (pp. 141-156). Routledge.
  • Cammeraat, E., Jongen, E., & Koning, P. (2022). The added-worker effect in the Netherlands before and during the Great Recession. Review of Economics of the Household, 1-27. doi: 10.1007/s11150-021-09595-2
  • CBS-Statistics Netherlands (2022), (Veri dosyası). https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/en/dataset/82309 ENG/table?ts=1651062771030 adresinden erişildi.
  • Cortes, M. G. (2020). Heterogeneous Labor Market Impacts during the Early Stages of the Covid-19 Pandemic. Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis Working Paper series 20–13.
  • Crossley, T. F., Fisher, P. & Low, H. (2020). The Heterogeneous and regressive consequences of COVID-19: Evidence from high quality panel data. Journal of Public Economics, (193), 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104334
  • De Graaf-Zijl, M., Van Der Horst, A., Van Vuuren, D., Erken, H., & Luginbuhl, R. (2015). Long-Term unemployment and the great recession in the Netherlands: Economic mechanisms and policy implications. De Economist, 163(4), 415-434. doi: 10.1007/s10645-015-9263-y
  • Drijvers, P., Thurm, D., Vandervieren, E., Klinger, M., Moons, F., van der Ree, H., Mol, A., Barzel, B. & Doorman, M. (2021). Distance Mathematics Teaching in Flanders, Germany, and the Netherlands during COVID-19 Lockdown, Educational Studies in Mathematics, 108(1), 35-64. doi: 10.1007/s10649-021-10094-5
  • Duran, H. (2020). Devletlerin Koronavirüsle Karşılaştırmalı Mücadele Stratejileri, İstanbul: SETA Yayınları.
  • Embregts, P., Heerkens, L., Frielink, N., Giesbers, S., Vromans, L., & Jahoda, A. (2021). Experiences of Mothers Caring for a Child with an Intellectual Disability during the COVID‐19 Pandemic in the Netherlands. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 65(8), 760-771. doi: 10.1111/jir.12859
  • Goolsbee, A., & Syverson, C. (2021). Fear, lockdown, and diversion: Comparing drivers of pandemic economic decline 2020. Journal of public economics, 193, 104311.
  • Göl, M. V. & Dural, B. Y. (2021). Genç işsizlik ve istihdam, eğitim veya öğretimde olmayan gençler: ab ve türkiye açısından bir değerlendirme. S. Sarı & A. H. Gencer (Edt.), International Conference on Eurasian Economies. 230-238.
  • Görmüş, A. (2021). Kısmi süreli işlerin kalitesi: çoklu doğrusal regresyon modeli ile OECD ülkelerinden bulgular. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 397-416. doi: 10.17541/optimum.915213
  • Gustafsson, S., Kenjoh, E. & Wetzels, C. (2001). Employment choices and pay differences between non-standard and standard work in Britain, Germany, Netherlands and Sweden (No. 01-086/3). Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper.
  • Güneç, Ö. (2020, Mart 23). 5 Soru: Hollanda’da Koronavirüs Salgını. https://www.setav.org/5-soru-hollandada-koronavirus-salgini/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Güneç, Ö. (2020, Mayıs 9). 5 Soru: Hollanda’nın Kısmi Karantina Sonrası Normale Dönüş Süreci. https://www.setav.org/5-soru-hollandanin-kismi-karantina-sonrasi-normale-donus-sureci/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Günther, S. (1997). The Dutch employment miracle? A comparison of employment systems in the Netherlands and Germany, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) Discussion Paper, No. FS I 97-202.
  • https://allecijfers.nl/nieuws/statistieken-over-het-corona-virus-en-covid19/#Corona_kerncijfers, Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2022.
  • https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2022/03/15/further-easing-of-coronavirus-measures, Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2022.
  • https://www.ituekonomikulubu.com/post/dot-com-balonu-nedir, Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2022.
  • Hult, M., Pietilä, A. M., & Saaranen, T. (2020). The factors predicting quality of life among unemployed adults: A model based on salutogenic approach. Social Indicators Research, 152(3), 1197-1211.
  • Kabátek, J. (2021). Happy birthday, you’re fired! Effects of an age-dependent minimum wage on youth employment flows in the Netherlands. ILR Review, 74(4), 1008-1035.
  • Kapar, R. (2011). Hollanda’da kadınların kısmi süreli istihdama etkileri. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2(29), 129-163.
  • Kuiper, M. E., de Bruijn, A. L., Reinders Folmer, C., Olthuis, E., Brownlee, M., Kooistra, E. B., Fine, A. & Van Rooij, B. (2020). The intelligent lockdown: Compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures in the Netherlands. Amsterdam Law School Research Paper. (20).
  • Lammers, M., & Kok, L. (2021). Are active labor market policies (cost-) effective in the long run? Evidence from the Netherlands. Empirical Economics, 60(4), 1719-1746. doi: 10.1007/s00181-019-01812-3
  • McAllister, A., Nylén, L., Backhans, M., Boye, K., Thielen, K., Whitehead, M., & Burström, B. (2015). Do ‘flexicurity’policies work for people with low education and health problems? A comparison of labour market policies and employment rates in Denmark, The Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom 1990–2010. International Journal of Health Services, 45(4), 679-705.
  • Montenovo, L., Jiang, X., Rojas, F. L., Schmutte, I. M., Simon, K. I., Weinberg, B. A., & Wing, C. (2020). Determinants of disparities in COVID-19 job losses (No. w27132). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Murat, S. & Şahin, L. (2011). Gençlerin istihdamı/işsizliği bakımından Türk eğitim sisteminin değerlendirilmesi. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(30), 93-135.
  • OECD, (2021). State of Health in the EU: the Netherlands Country Health Profile 2021. European Commission.
  • Özkan, Y. (2022). Hollanda'da Covid aşısı konusunda şüpheleri olanlar için Türkçe danışma hattı. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-59948088 adresinden erişildi.
  • Palmer, K. S. Stalteri, R., Zogo, C. O. Carbone, S. Stall, N. M., Jüni, P., & Law, S. (2021). COVID-19 Infection Prevention and Control (IPAC) in long-term care facilities in two OECD countries, the Netherlands and Denmark: Best Practices, Implementation, Compliance, COVID-19 Science Knowledge, CanCOVID Issue Note.
  • Perspektif, (2022, Ocak 27), Hollanda’da Pandemi Nedeniyle Uygulanan Kapanma Tedbirleri Son Buldu. https://perspektif.eu/2022/01/27/hollandada-pandemi-nedeniyle-uygulanan-kapanma-tedbirleri-son-buldu/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Rotar, L. J. (2021). Evaluation of the effectiveness of employment programmes on young unemployed people. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 32(1), 60–69. doi: 10.5755/j01.ee.32.1.23276 Schers, H., van Weel, C., van Boven, K., Akkermans, R., Bischoff, E. & olde Hartman, T. (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic in Nijmegen, the Netherlands: Changes in presented health problems and demand for primary care. The Annals of Family Medicine, 19(1), 44-47. doi: 10.1370/afm.2625
  • Son, J. W. (2020). Welfare states with work: government partisanship and policy responsiveness in the Netherlands. Politics & Policy, 48(3), 525-549. doi: 10.1111/polp.12356
  • Son, J. W. (2022). Who represents outsiders? A comparative study of the Netherlands, Ireland, and Sweden. Comparative European Politics, 1-20. doi: 10.1057/s41295-022-00275-8
  • Şimdi, M., & Aydın, H. İ. (2020). Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin beşeri sermaye görünümü üzerine bir çözümleme. Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(2), 140-153.
  • Van Asten, L., Harmsen, C. N., Stoeldraijer, L., Klinkenberg, D., Teirlinck, A. C., De Lange, M. M., Meijer, A., Van De Kassteele J., Van Gageldonk & Van Der Hoek, W. (2021). Excess deaths during influenza and coronavirus disease and infection-fatality rate for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(2), 411-420.
  • WHO-World Health Organization (2022). Netherlands Situation. https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/nl adresinden erişildi.
  • ZonMw, (2020, Nisan). COVID-19 Programm. https://www.zonmw.nl/en/research-and-results/infectious-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance/programmas/programme-detail/covid-19-programme/ adresinden erişildi.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çalışma Ekonomisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesileri
Yazarlar

Hilmi Etci 0000-0003-2858-7950

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Etci, H. (2022). HOLLANDA’DA COVID-19 SALGINININ İŞGÜCÜ PİYASASINA ETKİSİ. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(4), 356-385. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1172775

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