Effects of Plant-derived Smoke, Karrikin, and Salinity Stress on Prunus armeniaca cv. Şalak seeds and seedlings: A Morphological, Biochemical, and Molecular Approach

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 273 - 283, 26.03.2024

Yasemin Kemeç Hürkan , Cüneyt Akı

https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1297788

Öz

The effects of plant-derived smoke on seed germination and plant growth, depending on concentration and time, are widely known. However, there are very few studies demonstrating that it provides tolerance to abiotic stresses. This study comprehensively compares the effects of SW and KAR1 on seed germination and morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes observable in the examined seeds. Moreover, the study shows that it regulates the expression of some genes encoding antioxidant enzymes in apricot seedlings (Prunus armeniaca L.) exposed to salinity stress (100 mM NaCl). The highest germination rate was 1:1000 DS with 60% and 1 μM KAR1 with 72%. In terms of shoot development, root and stem length, 1:100 concentration in the DS group and 1 μM concentration in the KAR1 group gave the best results. The shoot development rates were 95.83% and 87.50% in the DS and KAR1 groups, respectively. While the root length was 137.68 and 141.92 mm in the DS and KAR1 groups, respectively, the stem length was 103.78 and 102.67 mm, respectively. The data revealed that SW (1:1000 v/v) and KAR1 (1μM) increased the expression levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) genes in the samples taken from the apricot seedlings treated with salt at hours 3, 6 and 9. This increase varies in SW and KAR1 depending on time. When the biochemical results were examined, it was seen that the application of SW and KAR1 to the seedlings under salinity stress led to a significant decrease in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content. We can assert that SW is more effective than KAR1 on TBARS content. Morphological, molecular, and biochemical results revealed enhanced germination, growth, gene expression, and TBARS content in apricot seeds and seedlings exposed to SW and KAR1. This data may be applicable to more comprehensive trials.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antioxidant enzyme, Smoke water, TBARS, Salt stress, Karrikin, Gene expression

Destekleyen Kurum

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi

Proje Numarası

FDK-2020-3345

Teşekkür

This research was supported by the Council of Higher Education 100/2000 Fellowship Program, TÜBİTAK-BİDEB 2211/A National PhD Scholarship Program, and the project FDK-2020-3345 by the Office of Scientific Research Projects at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. I would like to thank Kaan HÜRKAN (Ph.D.) for his help throughout the study. This research is a part of Mrs. Yasemin KEMEÇ HÜRKAN’s doctoral dissertation.

Kaynakça

• AbdElgawad H, Zinta G, Hegab M M, Pandey R, Asard H & Abuelsoud W (2016). High salinity induces different oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in maize seedlings organs. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 276-276 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00276
• Açkurt F (1999).. The importance of apricot in healthy nutrition and new apricot products. I. Apricot council final report, 2129 pp (In Turkish)
• Akbaba M, Hürkan K & Karahan A E (2023). In vitro evaluation of apricot cultivars response to Pseudomonas syringae pathovars: Image processing as an alternative method. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 29(3): 842-853 https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1217921
• Asma B M (2011). Apricot in All Aspects, Uyum Publications: Ankara. (In Turkish)
• Aydoğdu B (2016). Economic Situation of Iğdır Apricot. Serhat Development Agency42 pp (In Turkish)
• Banerjee A, Tripathi D K & Roychoudhury A (2019). The karrikin ‘calisthenics’: Can compounds derived from smoke help in stress tolerance? Physiologia Plantarum 165: 290-302 https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12836
• Baxter B J M & Van Staden J (1994). Plant-derived smoke: an effective seed pre-treatment. Plant Growth Regulation 14(3): 279-282 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024804
• Bernstein L (1965). Salt tolerance in fruit crops. Agricultural Research Service, Unted States Department of Agriculture No: 292
• Bernstein L, Brown J W & Hayward H E (1956). The influence of rootstock on growth and salt accumulation in stone fruit trees and almonds. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 68: 86-95
• Chiwocha S D S, Dixon K W, Flematti G R, Ghisalberti E L, Merritt D J, Nelson D C & Stevens J C (2009). Karrikins: A new family of plant growth regulators in smoke. Plant Science 177(4): 252-256 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.06.007
• Chumpookam J, Lin H L & Shiesh C C (2012). Effect of smoke-water on seed germination and seedling growth of papaya (Carica papaya cv.Tainung No.2). HortScience 47(6): 741-744 https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2012.v14i02.23
• Çatav Ş S, Küçükakyüz K, Tavşanoğlu Ç & Pausas J G (2018). Effect of fire-derived chemicals on germination and seedling growth in Mediterranean plant species. Basic and Applied Ecology 30: 65-75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.005
• Çatav Ş S, Küçükakyüz K, Tavşanoğlu Ç & Akbaş K (2015). Effects of aqueous smoke and nitrate treatments on germination of 12 eastern mediterranean basin plants. Annales Botanici Fennici 52: 93-100 https://doi.org/10.5735/085.052.0211
• Çatav Ş S, Surgun-Acar Y & Zemheri-Navruz F (2021). Physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of wheat seedlings to salinity and plant-derived smoke. South African Journal of Botany 139: 148-157 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.02.011
• Fadl M S, Bas A G & Tayel S (1978). The effect of low temperature on the dormancy “Fayoumi” apricot seeds and on activities on native inhibit existing in their seed coats. Egypt Journal of Horticulture 5(2): 105-114
• Flematti G R, Dixon K W & Smith S M (2015). What are karrikins and how were they “discovered” by plants? BMC Biology 13(1): 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-015-0219-0
• Ghebrehiwot H M, Kulkarni M G, Kirkman K P & Van Staden J (2008). Smoke-water and a smoke-isolated butenolide improve germination and seedling vigour of Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter under high temperature and low osmotic potential. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 194: 270-277 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.2008.00321.x
• Gill S S & Tuteja N (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 48: 909-930 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.016
• Gucci R & Tattini M (1997). Salinity tolerance in olive. Horticultural Reviews 21: 177-214 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650660.ch6
• Hayat N, Afroz N, Rehman S, Bukhari S H, Iqbal K, Khatoon A, Taimur N, Sakhi S, Ahmad N, Ullah R, Ali E A, Bari A, Hussain H & Nawaz G (2022). Plant-derived smoke ameliorates salt stress in wheat by enhancing expressions of stress-responsive genes and antioxidant enzymatic activity. Agronomy 12(1): 28 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010028
• Jamil M, Kanwal M, Aslam M M, Khan S U, Malook I, Tu J & Rehman S (2014). Effect of plant-derived smoke priming on physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice under salt stress condition. Australian Journal of Crop Science 8: 159-170
• Jiang Y & Deyholos M K (2006). Comprehensive transcriptional profiling of NaClstressed Arabidopsis roots reveals novel classes of responsive genes. BMC Plant Biology 25-25 https://doi:10.1186/1471-2229-6-25
• Karaoğlu M & Yalçın A M (2018). Soil salinity and Iğdır plain example. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1: 27-41 (In Turkish)
• Kaşka N (1970). The studies on the ABA concentration of Zerdali and Kütahya sour cheery seeds and fl uctuation of them during stratifi cation duration. In Ankara University Agriculture Faculty Pres: Ankara
• Kemeç Hürkan Y & Akı C (2022). Surface sterilization optimization in seeds of şalak apricot variety (Prunus armeniaca L. cv. Şalak). Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 12(3): 1358-1363 https://doi.org/10.21597/jist
• Kemeç Hürkan Y & Cüneyt A. (2023). Preparation of Plant-Derived Smoke for Stimulating Seed Germination and Quantification of Karrikins Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Journal of Agricultural Sciences 29(3): 800-810 https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1189515
• Kemeç Hürkan Y (2023). Karrikin: Life From Smoke. Gazi University Journal of Science Part C: Design and Technology 11(1): 184-196 https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1217335 (In Turkish)
• Khatoon A, Rehman S U, Aslam M M, Jamil M & Komatsu S (2020). Plant-derived smoke affects biochemical mechanism on plant growth and seed germination. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21(20): 7760 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207760
• Kochanek J, Long R L, Lisle A T & Flematti G R (2016). Karrikins identified in biochars indicate post-fire chemical cues can influence community diversity and plant development. PLoS ONE 11(8): 1-19 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161234
• Korkmaz K (2007). Alata Garden Cultures. Alatarım 6(2): 43-49. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/19111#page=46 (In Turkish)
• Kulkarni M G, Ascough G D & Van Staden J (2007). Effects of foliar applications of smoke-water and a smoke-isolated butenolide on seedling growth of okra and tomato. HortScience 42: 179-182 https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.1.179
• Kulkarni M G, Ascough G D & Van Staden J (2008). Smoke-water and a smoke-isolated butenolide improve growth and yield of tomatoes under greenhouse conditions. Hort Technology 18: 449-454 https://doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.3.449
• Kulkarni M G, Sparg S G, Light M E & Van Staden J (2006). Stimulation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling vigour by smoke-water and butenolide. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 192: 395-398 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.2006.00213.x
• Layne R E C, Bailey C H & Hough L F (1996). Apricots. In: Janick J & Moore J N (Eds.), Fruit breeding, John Wiley ve Sons, New York, Vol. 1, pp. 79-111
• Ledbetter C A (2008). Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding. In: Hancock J F (Eds.), Apricots, Springer Science+Business Media B V, pp. 39–82
• Light M E, Daws M I & Van Staden J (2009). Smoke-derived butenolide: Towards understanding its biological effects. South African Journal of Botany 75(1): 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.10.004
• Light M E, Gardner M J, Jäger A K & Van Staden J (2002). Dual regulation of seed germination by smoke solutions. Plant Growth Regulation 37(2): 135-141 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020536711989
• Light Marnie E, Burger B V, Staerk D, Kohout L & Van Staden J (2010). Butenolides from plant-derived smoke: natural plant-growth regulators with antagonistic actions on seed germination. Journal of Natural Products 73(2): 267-269 https://doi.org/10.1021/np900630w
• Livak K J & Schmittgen T D (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real- time quantitative PCR and the 2- ΔΔCT Method. Methods 25: 402-408 https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
• Maas E V (1984). Crop tolerance. California Agriculture 38: 20-21
• Madhava Rao K V & Sresty T V S (2000). Antioxidative parameters in the seedlings of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) in response to Zn and Ni stresses. Plant Science 157: 113-128 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00273-9
• Munns R & Tester M (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59: 651-681 Nelson D C, Flematti G R, Ghisalberti E L, Dixon K W & Smith S M (2012). Regulation of seed germination and seedling growth by chemical signals from burning vegetation. Annual Review of Plant Biology 63: 107-130 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105545
• Özbek H, Kaya Z, Gök M & Kaptan H (1999). Soil Science. Çukurova University Faculty of Agriculture Textbooks Publications73: 574-575 (In Turkish)
• Polat A A (2007). The Effects of various stratifi cation durations on germination and seedling emergence rates of apricot seeds the effects of various strati fi cation durations on germination and seedling emergence rates of apricot seeds. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences 1(2): 45-48
• Rahnama A, James R A, Poustini K & Munns R (2010). Stomatal conductance as a screen for osmotic stress tolerance in durum wheat growing in saline soil. Functional Plant Biology 37: 255-263 https://doi.org/10.1071/fp09148
• Shabala S & Munns R (2012). Salinity stress: physiological constraints and adaptive mechanisms. Plant Stress Physiology, Plant Stress Physiology. CAB International, Oxford, UK pp. 59-93
• Shah F A, Ni J, Tang C, Chen X, Kan W & Wu L (2021). Karrikinolide alleviates salt stress in wheat by regulating the redox and K+/Na+ homeostasis. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 167: 921-933 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.023
• Shah F A, Wei X, Wang Q, Liu W, Wang D, Yao Y, Hu H, Chen X, Huang S, Hou J, Lu R, Liu C, Ni J & Wu L (2020). Karrikin improves osmotic and salt stress tolerance via the regulation of the redox homeostasis in the oil plant Sapium sebiferum. Frontiers in Plant Science 11: 1-14 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00216
• Sharifi P & Shirani Bidabadi S (2020). Protection against salinity stress in black cumin involves karrikin and calcium by improving gas exchange attributes, ascorbate–glutathione cycle and fatty acid compositions. SN Applied Sciences 2: 1-14 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03843-3
• Sharma P, Jha A B, Dubey R S & Pessarakli M (2012). Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. Journal of Botany pp. 1-26 https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/217037
• Sönmez İ & Sönmez S (2007). Relationships between salinity and fertilization. Voice of Agriculture journel16: 13-16 (In Turkish)
• Szymajda M, Kris Pruski K, Zurawicz E & Sitarek M (2013). Suitability of selected seed genotypes of prunus armeniaca l. for harvesting seeds for the production of generative rootstocks for apricot cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science 5(9): 222-232 https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n9p222
• Tavakkoli E, Fatehi F, Coventry S, Rengasamy P & McDonald G K (2011). Additive effects of Na+ and Cl- ions on barley growth under salinity stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 62: 2189-2203 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq422
• Tavşanoǧlu C, Ergan G, Çatav S S, Zare G, Küçükakyüz K & Özüdoǧru B (2017). Multiple fire-related cues stimulate germination in Chaenorhinum rubrifolium (Plantaginaceae), a rare annual in the Mediterranean Basin. Seed Science Research 27(1): 26-38 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960258516000283
• Van Staden J, Jäger A K, Light M E & Burger B V (2004). Isolation of the major germination cue from plant-derived smoke. South African Journal of Botany 70(4): 654-659 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30206-4
• Van Staden J, Sparg S G, Kulkarni M G & Light M E (2006). Post-germination effects of the smoke-derived compound 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c] pyran-2-one, and its potential as a preconditioning agent. Field Crops Research 98: 98-105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2005.12.007
• Vardhini B V & Anjum N A (2015). Brassinosteroids make plant life easier under abiotic stresses mainly by modulating major components of antioxidant defense system. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2: 67-67 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00067
• Wang T, Hao R, Pan H, Cheng T & Zhang Q (2014). Selection of suitable reference genes for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in Prunus mume during flowering stages and under different abiotic stress conditions. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 139: 113-122 https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs.139.2.113
• William J R M (1986). The national and international importance of drought and salinity effects on agricultural production. Journal of Plant Physiology 13: 1-13 https://doi.org/10.1071/pp9860001
• Yıldırım H (2006). In vitro propagation of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivar “Hacıhaliloğlu” PhD Thesis. Dicle University Institute of Science and Technology127 pp (In Turkish)