Research Article
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Investigation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Water Quality of Animal Drinking Water Troughs by Multivariate Statistical Methods: The Case of Şarkışla

Year 2024, Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 77 - 87, 29.03.2024

Menekşe Taş Divrik

https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20231396637

Abstract

This study was conducted in 2022 to investigate the water quality and benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of water troughs in Şarkışla, a district in the city of Sivas. Fifteen stations were selected from the most used water troughs in the district and sampling was carried out in the spring, summer, and autumn seasons during peak agricultural activities. As a result, a total of 17 taxa were identified: 4 taxa belonging to Oligochaeta, 6 species belonging to Chironomidae, 2 taxa belonging to Amphipoda, and one each belonging to Gastropoda, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Ostracoda and Trichoptera larvae. All taxa identified are new records for the study area. In addition to benthic sampling, some physicochemical parameters of water (water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, salinity, total dissolved solids, phosphate, sulphate, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen) were also analyzed. The similarity of the stations in terms of physicochemical parameters was analyzed by utilizing the BrayCurtis similarity analysis. Accordingly, stations 2 and 4 were found to be the most similar, by 96.91%, and stations 3 and 13 were found to be the most different, by 66.46%. In addition, the relationship between the investigated physicochemical parameters was analyzed using the Pearson and Spearman Correlation Analysis. The relationship between the species and physicochemical parameters was revealed using the CCA Analysis.

Keywords

Water troughs benthic macroinvertebrates physicochemical parameters statistical methods

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was not required.

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

  • Ataman, A., Külköylüoğlu, O., Özdemir, C. (2023). İnsan yapımı yalaktaki tatlı su Ostracoda çeşitliliği ve mevsimsel döngüleri, 10.Ulusal Limnoloji Sempozyumu, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, 4-6 Eylül. Ankara. google scholar
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  • Cranston, P. S. (1982). A Key to the Larvae of the British., Orthocladiinae. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication 4, 152 pp. google scholar
  • Denktaş, M. (2000). Karaman Çeşmeleri. Kıvılcım Yayınları, Kayseri. google scholar
  • Egemen, O. & Sunlu, U. (1999). Water quality. Ege University Fisheries Faculty, Issue number: 14, İzmir. ISBN: 9754831416. google scholar
  • Fittakau, E. J. & Roback, S. S. (1983). The Larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae)of Holoarctic Region:Keys and Diagnnoses. Entomologica Scandinavica Suppl. 19, 33-110. google scholar
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  • IPCC (2008). Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, [BATES, B.C., KUNDZEWICZ, Z.W., WU S. and PALUTIKOF, J.P. (eds.)]. Geneva, 210 pp. google scholar
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  • Kazancı, N., Girgin, S., Dügel, M. & Oğuzkurt, D. (1997). Akarsuların Çevre Kalitesi Yönünden Değerlendirilmesinde ve İzlenmesinde Biyotik İndeks Yöntemi. Türkiye İç Suları Araştırmaları Dizisi: II, Ankara. google scholar
  • Külköylüoğlu, O., Akdemir, D., Sarı, N., Yavuzatmaca, M., Oral, C., & Başak, E. (2013) “Distribution and ecology of Ostracoda (Crustacea) from troughs in Turkey,” Turkish Journal of Zoology: Vol. 37: No. 3, https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1205-17. Available at: https://journals. tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/vol37/iss3/3. google scholar
  • Külköylüoğlu, O., Yılmaz, S., & Atmaca, Y. (2017). Comparison of Ostracoda (Crustacea) species diversity, distribution and ecological characteristics among habitat types. Fundamental and Applied Limnology. 190 (1), 63-86. https//:doi:10.1127/fal/2017/0872. google scholar
  • Külköylüoğlu, O., Akdemir, D., Sarı, N., Yavuzatmaca, M., Oral C., & Başak, E.(2012). Distribution and ecology of Ostracoda (Crustacea) from troughs in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37: 277-287. https://doi:10.3906/zoo-1205-17 google scholar
  • Krebs, C. J. (1999). Ecological Methodology. Addison Wesley Longman, Menlo Park, California. google scholar
  • McAleece, N. Gage, J. D. G., Lambshead, P. J. D. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1997). BioDiversity Professional statistic analysis software. Jointly developed by the Scottish Association for Marine Science and the Natural History Museum London. google scholar
  • Milligian, D. & Michael, R. (1997). Identification Manual for The Aquatic Oligochaeta of Florida Volume I, Freshwater Oligochaetes. State of Florida Department of Environmental Protection Tallahassee, Florida. google scholar
  • Oliver, D., R., McClymont, D., & Roussel, M., E. (1978). A Key to Some Larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) From the Mackenzie and Porcupine River Watersheds, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottowa, Canada. google scholar
  • Oran Orta Anadolu Kalkınma Ajansı, Sivas Yatırım Rehberi, Temmuz, 2017. google scholar
  • Özer, S. & Dikmen, O. (2021). Investigation of Water Troughs, One of the Disappearing Values of Turkish Culture, According to Their Condition of Use. Atatürk Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 52 (3): 238-252, http://doi: 10.17097/ataunizfd.863288. google scholar
  • Özer, S. (2010). Geçmişten günümüze kent-çevre ilişkisi içinde çeşmeler. Sanat Dergisi, 0 (13): 129-134. google scholar
  • Özkan, N. (2006a). “The Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) Fauna of Bozcaada (Tenedos)”. G. U. Journal of Science. Vol. 19, No. 2. 57-67, Ankara. google scholar
  • Özkan, N. (2006b). “The Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) Fauna of Gökçeada (Imbroz)”, G. U. Journal of Science. Vol. 19, No. 2. 69-75, Ankara. google scholar
  • Özkan, N. (2007) “Larvae of Çanakkale Region and Their Distribution”. Trakya Uni. J. Sci. 8 (2) :123-132. google scholar
  • Pinder, K. & Reıss F. (1983). The Larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holoarctic Region- Keys and Diagnoses. Entomologica Scandinavica Suppl. 19, 293-435, Lund Sweden. google scholar
  • Robert, T .& Dillion, J. R. (1999). The Ecology of Freshwater Molluscs, 561, 367-464. google scholar
  • Sanbur, A. (2023). Eskişehir ili köy çeşmesi ve su yalaklarında bulunan diyatomelerin tür çeşitliliği ve dağılımı. Yüksek Lisans tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 68 sayfa, Eskişehir. google scholar
  • Seather, O. A (1980). Glossary of Chironomid Morphology Terminology (Diptera: Chironomidae), Entomologica Scandinavica Suppl. 14, 51 pp. Lund Sweden. google scholar
  • Sket, B. (2008). Global diversity of amphipods (Amphipoda; Crustacea) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595: 241-255. google scholar
  • SKKY, 2004, Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliği, Yayımlandığı Resmi Gazete, 31 Aralık Cuma 2004, Sayı:25687. google scholar
  • Spellman, F.R. (2003). Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations. CRC press, USA, ISBN:1-56670-627-0. google scholar
  • Taşdemir, A., Ustaoğlu, M.R. & Balık, S. (2009). Contrubution to the Knowledge of Chironomidae (Diptera) Fauna of the Gediz Delta (Menemen-İzmir-Turkey), Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 3(1):32-39, https://doi.org/:10.3153/jfscom.2009006. google scholar
  • Taşdemir, A., Yıldız, S., Özbek, M., Ustaoğlu, M.R., Balık, S.2010. The Macrobenthic (Oligochaeta, Chironomidae, Amphipoda) Fauna of Tahtali reservoir (Izmir), Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 4(4):376-383, https://doi:10.3153/jfscom.2010040. google scholar
  • Tay, L. (2011). Kırsehır Fountaıns. Adiyaman University Journal of Social Sciences, 4 (6): 204-221. google scholar
  • Thienemann, A. (1954). Chironomus, Verbreitung, und Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Chironomiden. Binnengewasser 20: 1954. google scholar
  • Timm, T., & Veldhuijzen van Zanten, H.H. (2002). Freshwater Oligochaeta of North-West Europe. World Biodiversity Database, CD-ROM Series. University of Amsterdam: Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification. google scholar
  • Timm, T. 2003. Veldhuijzen Van Zanten, H.H. Freshwater Oligochaeta of North-West Europe. google scholar
  • Timm, T. (1999). A Guide to the Estonian Annelida Naturnalist’s Handbooks 1, Estonian Academy Publishers, Tartu-Talinn. google scholar
  • Timm, T. (2013).”The genus Potamothrix (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Tubificidae): a literature review. Estonian Journal of Ecology, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 121+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A334486526/ AONE?u=anon~b9b60d87&sid=googleScholar&xid=0cd8f639. Accessed 10 June 2023. google scholar
  • Todaie, (2011). Köyler. Institute of Public Administration for Turkey and Middle East, Ankara. Available from www.yerelnet.org.tr. google scholar
  • Vâinölâ, R., J. Witt, D. S., Grabowski, M, Bradbury,. J. H., Jazdzewski, K. & TSWQR (2016). Turkish Surface Water Quality Regulation Official Gazzette No, 29797. google scholar
  • Zamanpoore, M., Poeckl, M., Grabowski, M., Schiemer, F. (2011). Taxonomic review of freshwater Gammarus from Iran. Zootaxa, 3140: 1-14. google scholar
  • Ostracods, Retrieved August, 8, 8, 2023, from https://www.bgs.ac.uk/ discovering-geology/fossils-and-geological time/ostracods/#environment, accessed: 10.10.15. google scholar
  • Order Hemiptera, Retrieved September, 20, 9, 2023, from http://lakes. chebucto.org/ZOOBENTH/BENTHOS/vi.html, accesses: 10.10.15. google scholar
  • Şarkışla Kaymakamlığı, Retrieved August, 15, 2023, from http://sarkisla. gov.tr, accessed:10.10.15. google scholar

Year 2024, Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 77 - 87, 29.03.2024

Menekşe Taş Divrik

https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20231396637

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

  • Ataman, A., Külköylüoğlu, O., Özdemir, C. (2023). İnsan yapımı yalaktaki tatlı su Ostracoda çeşitliliği ve mevsimsel döngüleri, 10.Ulusal Limnoloji Sempozyumu, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, 4-6 Eylül. Ankara. google scholar
  • Başak, E., Aygen, C., & Külköylüoğlu, O. (2013). Taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of crustacean zooplankton in trough waters of Ankara (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38: 1-10. hptss//doi:10.3906/zoo-1301-7. google scholar
  • Cranston, P. S. (1982). A Key to the Larvae of the British., Orthocladiinae. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication 4, 152 pp. google scholar
  • Denktaş, M. (2000). Karaman Çeşmeleri. Kıvılcım Yayınları, Kayseri. google scholar
  • Egemen, O. & Sunlu, U. (1999). Water quality. Ege University Fisheries Faculty, Issue number: 14, İzmir. ISBN: 9754831416. google scholar
  • Fittakau, E. J. & Roback, S. S. (1983). The Larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae)of Holoarctic Region:Keys and Diagnnoses. Entomologica Scandinavica Suppl. 19, 33-110. google scholar
  • Haldar, R., Kosankar, S. & Sangolkar, L. N. (2016). Ecological signifcance of macro invertebrates as an indicator of environmental pollution. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, 6(11), 3302-3307. google scholar
  • Hammer, 0, Harper, D. A.T. & Paul D. R., (2001). Past: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, vol. 4, issue 1, art. 4: 9pp. google scholar
  • IPCC (2008). Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, [BATES, B.C., KUNDZEWICZ, Z.W., WU S. and PALUTIKOF, J.P. (eds.)]. Geneva, 210 pp. google scholar
  • Karaman, G. S. & Ruffo, S. (1986). Amphipoda: Niphargus group (Niphargidae sensu Bousfield, 1982). In: L. BOTOSANEAU (ed.), Stygofauna mundi, a faunistic, distributional, and ecological synthesis of the world fauna inhabiting subterranean waters (including marine interstitial): 514-534. (E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden) google scholar
  • Kathman, R. D. & Brinkhurst, R. O. (1998). Guide to The Freshwater Oligochaetes of North America, Aquatic Resources Center, Tennessee, USA. google scholar
  • Kazancı, N., Girgin, S., Dügel, M. & Oğuzkurt, D. (1997). Akarsuların Çevre Kalitesi Yönünden Değerlendirilmesinde ve İzlenmesinde Biyotik İndeks Yöntemi. Türkiye İç Suları Araştırmaları Dizisi: II, Ankara. google scholar
  • Külköylüoğlu, O., Akdemir, D., Sarı, N., Yavuzatmaca, M., Oral, C., & Başak, E. (2013) “Distribution and ecology of Ostracoda (Crustacea) from troughs in Turkey,” Turkish Journal of Zoology: Vol. 37: No. 3, https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1205-17. Available at: https://journals. tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/vol37/iss3/3. google scholar
  • Külköylüoğlu, O., Yılmaz, S., & Atmaca, Y. (2017). Comparison of Ostracoda (Crustacea) species diversity, distribution and ecological characteristics among habitat types. Fundamental and Applied Limnology. 190 (1), 63-86. https//:doi:10.1127/fal/2017/0872. google scholar
  • Külköylüoğlu, O., Akdemir, D., Sarı, N., Yavuzatmaca, M., Oral C., & Başak, E.(2012). Distribution and ecology of Ostracoda (Crustacea) from troughs in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37: 277-287. https://doi:10.3906/zoo-1205-17 google scholar
  • Krebs, C. J. (1999). Ecological Methodology. Addison Wesley Longman, Menlo Park, California. google scholar
  • McAleece, N. Gage, J. D. G., Lambshead, P. J. D. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1997). BioDiversity Professional statistic analysis software. Jointly developed by the Scottish Association for Marine Science and the Natural History Museum London. google scholar
  • Milligian, D. & Michael, R. (1997). Identification Manual for The Aquatic Oligochaeta of Florida Volume I, Freshwater Oligochaetes. State of Florida Department of Environmental Protection Tallahassee, Florida. google scholar
  • Oliver, D., R., McClymont, D., & Roussel, M., E. (1978). A Key to Some Larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) From the Mackenzie and Porcupine River Watersheds, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottowa, Canada. google scholar
  • Oran Orta Anadolu Kalkınma Ajansı, Sivas Yatırım Rehberi, Temmuz, 2017. google scholar
  • Özer, S. & Dikmen, O. (2021). Investigation of Water Troughs, One of the Disappearing Values of Turkish Culture, According to Their Condition of Use. Atatürk Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 52 (3): 238-252, http://doi: 10.17097/ataunizfd.863288. google scholar
  • Özer, S. (2010). Geçmişten günümüze kent-çevre ilişkisi içinde çeşmeler. Sanat Dergisi, 0 (13): 129-134. google scholar
  • Özkan, N. (2006a). “The Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) Fauna of Bozcaada (Tenedos)”. G. U. Journal of Science. Vol. 19, No. 2. 57-67, Ankara. google scholar
  • Özkan, N. (2006b). “The Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) Fauna of Gökçeada (Imbroz)”, G. U. Journal of Science. Vol. 19, No. 2. 69-75, Ankara. google scholar
  • Özkan, N. (2007) “Larvae of Çanakkale Region and Their Distribution”. Trakya Uni. J. Sci. 8 (2) :123-132. google scholar
  • Pinder, K. & Reıss F. (1983). The Larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holoarctic Region- Keys and Diagnoses. Entomologica Scandinavica Suppl. 19, 293-435, Lund Sweden. google scholar
  • Robert, T .& Dillion, J. R. (1999). The Ecology of Freshwater Molluscs, 561, 367-464. google scholar
  • Sanbur, A. (2023). Eskişehir ili köy çeşmesi ve su yalaklarında bulunan diyatomelerin tür çeşitliliği ve dağılımı. Yüksek Lisans tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 68 sayfa, Eskişehir. google scholar
  • Seather, O. A (1980). Glossary of Chironomid Morphology Terminology (Diptera: Chironomidae), Entomologica Scandinavica Suppl. 14, 51 pp. Lund Sweden. google scholar
  • Sket, B. (2008). Global diversity of amphipods (Amphipoda; Crustacea) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595: 241-255. google scholar
  • SKKY, 2004, Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliği, Yayımlandığı Resmi Gazete, 31 Aralık Cuma 2004, Sayı:25687. google scholar
  • Spellman, F.R. (2003). Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations. CRC press, USA, ISBN:1-56670-627-0. google scholar
  • Taşdemir, A., Ustaoğlu, M.R. & Balık, S. (2009). Contrubution to the Knowledge of Chironomidae (Diptera) Fauna of the Gediz Delta (Menemen-İzmir-Turkey), Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 3(1):32-39, https://doi.org/:10.3153/jfscom.2009006. google scholar
  • Taşdemir, A., Yıldız, S., Özbek, M., Ustaoğlu, M.R., Balık, S.2010. The Macrobenthic (Oligochaeta, Chironomidae, Amphipoda) Fauna of Tahtali reservoir (Izmir), Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 4(4):376-383, https://doi:10.3153/jfscom.2010040. google scholar
  • Tay, L. (2011). Kırsehır Fountaıns. Adiyaman University Journal of Social Sciences, 4 (6): 204-221. google scholar
  • Thienemann, A. (1954). Chironomus, Verbreitung, und Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Chironomiden. Binnengewasser 20: 1954. google scholar
  • Timm, T., & Veldhuijzen van Zanten, H.H. (2002). Freshwater Oligochaeta of North-West Europe. World Biodiversity Database, CD-ROM Series. University of Amsterdam: Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification. google scholar
  • Timm, T. 2003. Veldhuijzen Van Zanten, H.H. Freshwater Oligochaeta of North-West Europe. google scholar
  • Timm, T. (1999). A Guide to the Estonian Annelida Naturnalist’s Handbooks 1, Estonian Academy Publishers, Tartu-Talinn. google scholar
  • Timm, T. (2013).”The genus Potamothrix (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Tubificidae): a literature review. Estonian Journal of Ecology, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 121+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A334486526/ AONE?u=anon~b9b60d87&sid=googleScholar&xid=0cd8f639. Accessed 10 June 2023. google scholar
  • Todaie, (2011). Köyler. Institute of Public Administration for Turkey and Middle East, Ankara. Available from www.yerelnet.org.tr. google scholar
  • Vâinölâ, R., J. Witt, D. S., Grabowski, M, Bradbury,. J. H., Jazdzewski, K. & TSWQR (2016). Turkish Surface Water Quality Regulation Official Gazzette No, 29797. google scholar
  • Zamanpoore, M., Poeckl, M., Grabowski, M., Schiemer, F. (2011). Taxonomic review of freshwater Gammarus from Iran. Zootaxa, 3140: 1-14. google scholar
  • Ostracods, Retrieved August, 8, 8, 2023, from https://www.bgs.ac.uk/ discovering-geology/fossils-and-geological time/ostracods/#environment, accessed: 10.10.15. google scholar
  • Order Hemiptera, Retrieved September, 20, 9, 2023, from http://lakes. chebucto.org/ZOOBENTH/BENTHOS/vi.html, accesses: 10.10.15. google scholar
  • Şarkışla Kaymakamlığı, Retrieved August, 15, 2023, from http://sarkisla. gov.tr, accessed:10.10.15. google scholar
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hydrobiology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Menekşe Taş Divrik 0000-0002-4828-2575

Project Number -
Publication Date March 29, 2024
Submission Date November 27, 2023
Acceptance Date January 16, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 39 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Taş Divrik, M. (2024). Investigation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Water Quality of Animal Drinking Water Troughs by Multivariate Statistical Methods: The Case of Şarkışla. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 39(2), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20231396637
AMA Taş Divrik M. Investigation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Water Quality of Animal Drinking Water Troughs by Multivariate Statistical Methods: The Case of Şarkışla. Aqua Sci Eng. March 2024;39(2):77-87. doi:10.26650/ASE20231396637
Chicago Taş Divrik, Menekşe. “Investigation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Water Quality of Animal Drinking Water Troughs by Multivariate Statistical Methods: The Case of Şarkışla”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 39, no. 2 (March 2024): 77-87. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20231396637.
EndNote Taş Divrik M (March 1, 2024) Investigation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Water Quality of Animal Drinking Water Troughs by Multivariate Statistical Methods: The Case of Şarkışla. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 39 2 77–87.
IEEE M. Taş Divrik, “Investigation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Water Quality of Animal Drinking Water Troughs by Multivariate Statistical Methods: The Case of Şarkışla”, Aqua Sci Eng, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 77–87, 2024, doi: 10.26650/ASE20231396637.
ISNAD Taş Divrik, Menekşe. “Investigation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Water Quality of Animal Drinking Water Troughs by Multivariate Statistical Methods: The Case of Şarkışla”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 39/2 (March 2024), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20231396637.
JAMA Taş Divrik M. Investigation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Water Quality of Animal Drinking Water Troughs by Multivariate Statistical Methods: The Case of Şarkışla. Aqua Sci Eng. 2024;39:77–87.
MLA Taş Divrik, Menekşe. “Investigation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Water Quality of Animal Drinking Water Troughs by Multivariate Statistical Methods: The Case of Şarkışla”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, vol. 39, no. 2, 2024, pp. 77-87, doi:10.26650/ASE20231396637.
Vancouver Taş Divrik M. Investigation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Water Quality of Animal Drinking Water Troughs by Multivariate Statistical Methods: The Case of Şarkışla. Aqua Sci Eng. 2024;39(2):77-8.
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