Borates in remedial treatments for timber in service
Yıl 2023,
, 31 - 39, 31.03.2023
Saip Nami Kartal
,
Jeffrey J. Morrell
Öz
Large preservative-treated timbers and poles can develop internal and external decay as they age in service. Arresting this damage can pose a challenge, especially internal decay. Boron plays an important role in helping arrest fungal attack in a variety of applications. This paper discusses the use of borates as a component in pastes for limiting external decay and the use of boron solutions or rods for arresting internal decay. Long-term field trials show that boron movement is initially slow, but boron was found in Douglas-fir poles almost 30 years after application. The results illustrate the value of boron as a remedial treatment for limiting fungal attack in timber in service.
Kaynakça
- [1] Zabel, R. A., & Morrell, J. J. (2020). Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention.
- [2]. Kartal, S. N., & Terzi, E. (2019). Wood and boron: A natural harmony. International Symposium on Boron, Turkey, 573-579.
- [3]. Morrell, J. J. (2012). Wood Pole Maintenance Manual. (Document No RC 51). Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory.
- [4]. Kartal, S. N. (2009). Handbook on Borates: Chemistry, Production and Applications. In M. P. Chung (Ed). Boronbased wood preservatives and their use. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
- [5]. Lebow, S., & Anthony, R. W. (2012). Guide for use of wood preservatives in historic structures. (Document No FPL-GTR-217). General U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- [6]. Kartal, S. N., Terzi, E., Figen, A. K., & Yoshimura, T. (2020). Movement of boron from ulexite and colemanite
minerals in sapwood and heartwood of Cryptomeria japonica. Journal of Forestry Research, 31(6), 2597-2603.
- [7]. Kartal, S. N., & Terzi, E. (2017). Recent developments in remedial and non-pressure wood protection systems: Boron-based compounds. SHATIS’17 4th International Conference on Structural Health Assessment of Timber Structures, Turkey, 549-557.
- [8]. Lloyd, J. (1998). Borates and their biological applications. (Document No IRG/WP 98-30178). International
Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [9]. Kartal, S. N., Terzi, E., Figen, A. K., Çordan, M., Aydın, S., & Pişkin, S. (2021). Comparative evaluation of boron
distribution from rods made of ulexite, colemanite and DOT in Scots pine Wood. Journal of Forestry Research, 32(1), 419-426.
- [10]. Terzi, E., Kartal, S. N., Gerardin, P., Ibanez, C. M., & Yoshimura, T. (2017). Biological performance of particleboard incorporated with boron minerals. Journal of Forestry Research, 28(1), 195-203.
- [11]. Terzi, E., Kartal, S. N., Pişkin, S., Stark, N., Figen, A. K., & White, R. H. (2018). Colemanite: A fire retardant
candidate for wood plastic composites. Bioresources, 13(1), 1491-1509.
- [12]. Uysal, S., Cappellazzi, J., & Morrell, J. J. (2018). Potential for using borate mixtures as groundline preservative pastes. Journal of Boron, 3(2), 71-78.
- [13]. Braid, G. H., & Line, M. A. (1984). Preliminary evaluation of remedial treatments for soft rot decay of eucalypt pole stubs. Holzforschung, 38, 69-72.
- [14]. Chin, C. W., McEvoy, C., & Greaves, H. (1984). The development and installation of experimental fungitoxic bandages. International Journal of Wood Preservation, 2(2), 55-61.
- [15]. Cockcroft, R., & Levy, J. (1973). Bibliography on the use of boron compounds in the preservation of wood.
Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, 6(3), 28-37.
- [16]. Chudnoff, M., Eslyn, W. E., & Wawriw, R. (1981). Effectiveness of groundline treatments of creosoted
pine poles under tropical exposure. Forest Products Journal, 28(4), 28-32.
- [17]. De Groot, R. C. (1981). Groundline treatment of southern pine posts. Document No FPL-409). USDA Forest
Service.
- [18]. Forsyth, P. G., & Morrell, J. J. (1992). Diffusion of copper and boron from a groundline wrap formulation
through Douglas-fir heartwood. Forest Products Journal, 42(11/12), 27-29.
- [19]. Henningsson, B., Fris-Hansen, H., Kaarik, A., & Edlund, M. L. (1986). Remedial ground-line treatment of CCA poles in service: Results of chemical and microbiological analyses 6 months after treatment. (Document No IRG/WP/3481). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [20]. Henningsson, B., Fris-Hansen, H., Kaarik, A., & Edlund, M. L. (1988). Remedial ground-line treatment of CCA poles in service: Results of chemical and microbiological analyses 28 months after treatment. Document No IRG/WP/3481). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [21]. Henningsson B., Friis-Hansen, H., Kaarik, A., & Edlund, M. L. (1989). Remedial groundline treatment of CCA
poles in service. A final report after 60 months testing. (Document No IRG/WP 3534). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [22]. Love, C., Freitag, C., & Morrell, J. J. (2004). Performance of supplemental groundline preservative treatments on western redcedar and southern pine utility poles. International Conference on Utility Line Structures, USA, 289-297.
- [23]. Morrell, J. J., Forsyth, P. G., & Newbill, M. A. (1994). Distribution of biocides in Douglas-fir poles 42 months
after application of groundline preservative systems. Forest Products Journal, 44(6):24-26.
- [24]. Morrell, J. J., Love, C. S., Freitag, C., & Chen, H. (2010). Chemical levels in Douglas-fir, southern pine and western redcedar pole sections 2 years after application of boron/fluoride pastes and bandages. International Conference on Overhead Structures, 2010, USA, 261-273.
- [25]. Panek E., Blew Jr., J. O., & Baechler, R. H. (1961). Study of groundline treatments applied to five pole species. (Document No 2227). USDA Forest Service.
- [26]. Smith, D. N., & Cockcroft, R. (1967). The remedial treatment of telephone and electric transmission poles. Part 1 Treatment for external decay. Wood, 32, 35-39.
- [27]. Ziobro R. J., McNamara, W. S., & Triana, J. F. (1987). Tropical field evaluations of groundline remedial treatments on soft rot attacked CCA-treated eucalyptus poles. Forest Products Journal, 37(3), 42-45.
- [28]. Becker, G. (1976). Treatment of wood by diffusion of salts. (Document No IRG/WP/368). International
Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [29]. Drysdale, J. A. (1994). Boron treatments for the preservation of wood-A review of efficacy data for fungi
and termites. (Document No IRG/WP 94-30037). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [30]. Findlay, W. P. K. (1953). The toxicity of borax to wood-rotting fungi. Timber Technology and Machine
Woodworking, 61(2168), 275-276.
- [31]. Fahlstrom, G. B. (1964). Threshold values for wood preservatives. Forest Products Journal, 14, 529-530.
- [32]. Freeman, M. H., McIntyre, C. R., & Jackson, D. (2009). A critical and comprehensive review of boron in wood preservation. 105th Annual Meeting of American Wood Protection Association, 19-21 April 2009, San Antonio, TX, USA. Volume 105, p. 279-294.
- [33]. Smith, D., & Williams, A. (1967). Wood preservation by the boron diffusion process-The effect of moisture content on diffusion time. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, 22(4), 3-10.
- [34]. Williams, L. H., & Amburgey, T. L. (1987). Integrated protection against lyctid beetle infestations: I. Resistance of boron-treated wood to insect and fungal attack. Forest Products Journal, 37(2), 10-17.
- [35]. Freitag, C., & Morrell, J. J. (2005). Development of threshold values for boron and fluoride in non-soil
contact applications. Forest Products Journal, 55(4), 97-101.
- [36]. Parks, J. L., & Edwards, M. (2007) Boron in the environment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 81-114.
- [37]. Morrell, J. J., Freitag, C. M., & Love, C. S. (2015). Improving the performance of wood poles. (Annual
Report), Oregon State University Utility Pole Research Cooperative.
- [38]. Kartal, S. N., Terzi, E., Soytürk, E. E., Bakır, D., & Köse, C. (2022). Evaluation of boron distribution from preservative pastes made from ulexite, copper and fluoride in Scots pine wood. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 80, 1497-1506.
- [39]. Konkler, M. J., Cappellazzi, J., Love, C. S., Freitag, C., & Morrell, J. J. (2019). Performance of internal remedial treatments on Douglas-fir poles: A large scale fieldtrial. Forest Products Journal, 69(4), 289-304.
- [40]. Beauford, W., Brown, A. M., & Dickinson, D. J. (1992). A new approach to the maintenance of wooden railway sleepers (Final Report). (Document No IRG/WP/3724-92). International Research Group on Wood
Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [41]. Beutel, P. J., & Evans, P. D. (2000). Comparison of the diffusion of boron from two types of solid preservative rods into the heartwood of 3 Eucalyptus pole species. International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP) Document No IRG/WP/00-30227. Stockholm, Sweden.
- [42]. Dietz, M. G., & Schmidt, E. L. (1987). The efficacy of remedial treatments for controlling fungal decay in window millwork used in the United States. (Document No IRG/WP/3432). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [43]. Dickinson, D. J., Morris, P. I., & Calver, B. (1988). The secondary treatment of creosoted electricity poles
with fused boron rods. (Document No IRG/WP/3485). International Research Group on Wood Preservation
(IRG/WP).
- [44]. Dirol, D. (1988). Borate diffusion in wood from rods and liquid product: Application to laminated beams.
(Document No IRG/WP/3482). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [45]. Dirol, D., & Guder, J. P. (1989). Diffusion of fused boron rods in top ends of poles. (Document No IRG/
WP/3518). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [46]. Edlund, M. L., & Henningsson, B. (1983). A chemical and mycological evaluation of fused borate rods and a borate/glycol solution for remedial treatment of window joinery. (Document No IRG/WP/3225). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [47]. Freitag, C.M., Rhatigan, R., & Morrell, J.J. (2000). Theeffect of glycol additives on diffusion of boron through Douglas-fir. International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP) Document No IRG/WP/30235. Stockholm, Sweden.
- [48]. Freitag, C., Morrell, J. J., & Love, C. S. (2011). Longterm performance of fused borate rods for limiting internal decay in Douglas-fir utility poles. Holzforschung, 65, 429-434.
- [49]. Grundlinger, R., Messner, K., & Janotte, O. (1991). Field evaluation determining the toxic effect and diffusion properties of Impel, Impresol, and TBTO capsules in l-joints (spruce) for pre-treatment application.
(Document No IRG/WP/3641). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [50]. Highley, T. L., & Ferge, L. (1995). Movement of boron from fused boron rods implanted in southern pine,
Douglas-fir, red oak, and white oak timbers. (Document No IRG/WP/95-30061). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [51]. Highley, T. L., Finney, W., & Green III, F. (1994). Borate diffusion from fused borate rods in Douglas-fir transmission poles. (Document No IRG/WP/94-30042). International Research Group on Wood Preservation
(IRG/WP).
- [52]. Highley, T. L., Green III, F., & Finney, W.F. (1996). Distribution of boron from fused borate rods in Douglasfir
transmission poles. Document No IRG/WP/96-30112. International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [53]. Konkler, M., Freitag, C., Love, C. S., & Morrell, J. J. (2014). Potential for migration of boron from fused boron
rods used as internal remedial treatments of utility poles. (Document No IRG/WP/14-50301). International
Research Group on Wood Protection (IRG/WP).
- [54]. Morrell, J. J., Sexton, C. M., & Archer, K. (1992). Diffusion of boron through selected wood species following application of fused borate rods. Forest Products Journal, 42(7/8), 41-44.
- [55]. Morrell, J. J., Love, C. S., & Freitag, C. M. (2011). Performance of a boron/fluoride rod for internal remedial
treatment of Douglas-fir poles. International Wood Products Journal, 2(2), 71-74.
- [56]. Peylo, A., & Bechgaard, C. G. (2001). Lifetime of Impel in poles: Maintenance cycles for utility poles. (Document No IRG/WP/01-30258). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [57]. Rhatigan, R. G., Morrell, J. J., & Freitag, C. M. (2002). Movement of boron and fluoride from rod formulations into Douglas-fir heartwood. Forest Products Journal, 52(11/12), 38-42.
- [58]. Ruddick, J. N. R., & Kundzewicz, A. W. (1992). The effectiveness of fused borate rods in preventing or eliminating decay in ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. Forest Products Journal, 42(9), 42-46.
- [59]. Militz, H. (1991). Diffusion of bifluorides and borates from preservative rods in laminated beams. (Document No IRG/WP/3644). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [60]. Morrell, J. J., & Schneider, P. F. (1995). Performance of boron and fluoride-based rods as remedial treatments in Douglas-fir poles. (Document No IRG/WP/95-30070). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [61]. Powell, M. A., Deldot, T., & McEvoy, C. (1998). The effect of different concentrations of Polesaver rods
on the survival of selected decay fungi in liquid culture. (Document No IRG/WP/98-30166). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [62]. Cabrera, Y., & Morrell, J. J. (2007). The effect of wood moisture content and rod dosage on movement of boron through Douglas-fir heartwood. (Document No IRG/ WP/07-40431). International Research Group on Wood Protection (IRG/WP).
- [63]. Morrell, J. J., Sexton, C. M., & Preston, A. F. (1990). Effect of wood moisture content on diffusion of boron
from fused borate rods. Forest Products Journal, 40(4), 37-40.
Ahşabın yerinde bakım işlemlerinde bor bileşikleri
Yıl 2023,
, 31 - 39, 31.03.2023
Saip Nami Kartal
,
Jeffrey J. Morrell
Öz
Emprenye edilmiş büyük boyutlu ahşap malzemeler ve tel direkleri, kullanımda eskidikçe iç ve dış çürümeler geliştirebilir. Bu zararın durdurulması, özellikle iç çürüme durumunda bir zorluk teşkil edebilir. Bor, çeşitli uygulamalarda mantar saldırısının durdurulmasına yardımcı olmada önemli bir rol oynar. Bu makale, boratların dış çürümeyi sınırlamak için bulamaçlarda bir bileşen olarak değerlendirilmesini ve iç çürümeyi durdurmak için bor çözeltilerinin veya çubukların kullanımını tartışmaktadır. Uzun süreli arazi denemeleri, bor difüzyonunun başlangıçta yavaş olduğunu, ancak uygulamadan yaklaşık 30 yıl sonra Douglas göknarı tel direklerinde borun bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, kullanımdaki ahşap malzemede mantar saldırısını sınırlamak için yerinde bakım işlemlerinde borun değerini göstermektedir.
Kaynakça
- [1] Zabel, R. A., & Morrell, J. J. (2020). Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention.
- [2]. Kartal, S. N., & Terzi, E. (2019). Wood and boron: A natural harmony. International Symposium on Boron, Turkey, 573-579.
- [3]. Morrell, J. J. (2012). Wood Pole Maintenance Manual. (Document No RC 51). Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory.
- [4]. Kartal, S. N. (2009). Handbook on Borates: Chemistry, Production and Applications. In M. P. Chung (Ed). Boronbased wood preservatives and their use. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
- [5]. Lebow, S., & Anthony, R. W. (2012). Guide for use of wood preservatives in historic structures. (Document No FPL-GTR-217). General U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- [6]. Kartal, S. N., Terzi, E., Figen, A. K., & Yoshimura, T. (2020). Movement of boron from ulexite and colemanite
minerals in sapwood and heartwood of Cryptomeria japonica. Journal of Forestry Research, 31(6), 2597-2603.
- [7]. Kartal, S. N., & Terzi, E. (2017). Recent developments in remedial and non-pressure wood protection systems: Boron-based compounds. SHATIS’17 4th International Conference on Structural Health Assessment of Timber Structures, Turkey, 549-557.
- [8]. Lloyd, J. (1998). Borates and their biological applications. (Document No IRG/WP 98-30178). International
Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [9]. Kartal, S. N., Terzi, E., Figen, A. K., Çordan, M., Aydın, S., & Pişkin, S. (2021). Comparative evaluation of boron
distribution from rods made of ulexite, colemanite and DOT in Scots pine Wood. Journal of Forestry Research, 32(1), 419-426.
- [10]. Terzi, E., Kartal, S. N., Gerardin, P., Ibanez, C. M., & Yoshimura, T. (2017). Biological performance of particleboard incorporated with boron minerals. Journal of Forestry Research, 28(1), 195-203.
- [11]. Terzi, E., Kartal, S. N., Pişkin, S., Stark, N., Figen, A. K., & White, R. H. (2018). Colemanite: A fire retardant
candidate for wood plastic composites. Bioresources, 13(1), 1491-1509.
- [12]. Uysal, S., Cappellazzi, J., & Morrell, J. J. (2018). Potential for using borate mixtures as groundline preservative pastes. Journal of Boron, 3(2), 71-78.
- [13]. Braid, G. H., & Line, M. A. (1984). Preliminary evaluation of remedial treatments for soft rot decay of eucalypt pole stubs. Holzforschung, 38, 69-72.
- [14]. Chin, C. W., McEvoy, C., & Greaves, H. (1984). The development and installation of experimental fungitoxic bandages. International Journal of Wood Preservation, 2(2), 55-61.
- [15]. Cockcroft, R., & Levy, J. (1973). Bibliography on the use of boron compounds in the preservation of wood.
Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, 6(3), 28-37.
- [16]. Chudnoff, M., Eslyn, W. E., & Wawriw, R. (1981). Effectiveness of groundline treatments of creosoted
pine poles under tropical exposure. Forest Products Journal, 28(4), 28-32.
- [17]. De Groot, R. C. (1981). Groundline treatment of southern pine posts. Document No FPL-409). USDA Forest
Service.
- [18]. Forsyth, P. G., & Morrell, J. J. (1992). Diffusion of copper and boron from a groundline wrap formulation
through Douglas-fir heartwood. Forest Products Journal, 42(11/12), 27-29.
- [19]. Henningsson, B., Fris-Hansen, H., Kaarik, A., & Edlund, M. L. (1986). Remedial ground-line treatment of CCA poles in service: Results of chemical and microbiological analyses 6 months after treatment. (Document No IRG/WP/3481). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [20]. Henningsson, B., Fris-Hansen, H., Kaarik, A., & Edlund, M. L. (1988). Remedial ground-line treatment of CCA poles in service: Results of chemical and microbiological analyses 28 months after treatment. Document No IRG/WP/3481). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [21]. Henningsson B., Friis-Hansen, H., Kaarik, A., & Edlund, M. L. (1989). Remedial groundline treatment of CCA
poles in service. A final report after 60 months testing. (Document No IRG/WP 3534). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [22]. Love, C., Freitag, C., & Morrell, J. J. (2004). Performance of supplemental groundline preservative treatments on western redcedar and southern pine utility poles. International Conference on Utility Line Structures, USA, 289-297.
- [23]. Morrell, J. J., Forsyth, P. G., & Newbill, M. A. (1994). Distribution of biocides in Douglas-fir poles 42 months
after application of groundline preservative systems. Forest Products Journal, 44(6):24-26.
- [24]. Morrell, J. J., Love, C. S., Freitag, C., & Chen, H. (2010). Chemical levels in Douglas-fir, southern pine and western redcedar pole sections 2 years after application of boron/fluoride pastes and bandages. International Conference on Overhead Structures, 2010, USA, 261-273.
- [25]. Panek E., Blew Jr., J. O., & Baechler, R. H. (1961). Study of groundline treatments applied to five pole species. (Document No 2227). USDA Forest Service.
- [26]. Smith, D. N., & Cockcroft, R. (1967). The remedial treatment of telephone and electric transmission poles. Part 1 Treatment for external decay. Wood, 32, 35-39.
- [27]. Ziobro R. J., McNamara, W. S., & Triana, J. F. (1987). Tropical field evaluations of groundline remedial treatments on soft rot attacked CCA-treated eucalyptus poles. Forest Products Journal, 37(3), 42-45.
- [28]. Becker, G. (1976). Treatment of wood by diffusion of salts. (Document No IRG/WP/368). International
Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [29]. Drysdale, J. A. (1994). Boron treatments for the preservation of wood-A review of efficacy data for fungi
and termites. (Document No IRG/WP 94-30037). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [30]. Findlay, W. P. K. (1953). The toxicity of borax to wood-rotting fungi. Timber Technology and Machine
Woodworking, 61(2168), 275-276.
- [31]. Fahlstrom, G. B. (1964). Threshold values for wood preservatives. Forest Products Journal, 14, 529-530.
- [32]. Freeman, M. H., McIntyre, C. R., & Jackson, D. (2009). A critical and comprehensive review of boron in wood preservation. 105th Annual Meeting of American Wood Protection Association, 19-21 April 2009, San Antonio, TX, USA. Volume 105, p. 279-294.
- [33]. Smith, D., & Williams, A. (1967). Wood preservation by the boron diffusion process-The effect of moisture content on diffusion time. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, 22(4), 3-10.
- [34]. Williams, L. H., & Amburgey, T. L. (1987). Integrated protection against lyctid beetle infestations: I. Resistance of boron-treated wood to insect and fungal attack. Forest Products Journal, 37(2), 10-17.
- [35]. Freitag, C., & Morrell, J. J. (2005). Development of threshold values for boron and fluoride in non-soil
contact applications. Forest Products Journal, 55(4), 97-101.
- [36]. Parks, J. L., & Edwards, M. (2007) Boron in the environment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 81-114.
- [37]. Morrell, J. J., Freitag, C. M., & Love, C. S. (2015). Improving the performance of wood poles. (Annual
Report), Oregon State University Utility Pole Research Cooperative.
- [38]. Kartal, S. N., Terzi, E., Soytürk, E. E., Bakır, D., & Köse, C. (2022). Evaluation of boron distribution from preservative pastes made from ulexite, copper and fluoride in Scots pine wood. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 80, 1497-1506.
- [39]. Konkler, M. J., Cappellazzi, J., Love, C. S., Freitag, C., & Morrell, J. J. (2019). Performance of internal remedial treatments on Douglas-fir poles: A large scale fieldtrial. Forest Products Journal, 69(4), 289-304.
- [40]. Beauford, W., Brown, A. M., & Dickinson, D. J. (1992). A new approach to the maintenance of wooden railway sleepers (Final Report). (Document No IRG/WP/3724-92). International Research Group on Wood
Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [41]. Beutel, P. J., & Evans, P. D. (2000). Comparison of the diffusion of boron from two types of solid preservative rods into the heartwood of 3 Eucalyptus pole species. International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP) Document No IRG/WP/00-30227. Stockholm, Sweden.
- [42]. Dietz, M. G., & Schmidt, E. L. (1987). The efficacy of remedial treatments for controlling fungal decay in window millwork used in the United States. (Document No IRG/WP/3432). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [43]. Dickinson, D. J., Morris, P. I., & Calver, B. (1988). The secondary treatment of creosoted electricity poles
with fused boron rods. (Document No IRG/WP/3485). International Research Group on Wood Preservation
(IRG/WP).
- [44]. Dirol, D. (1988). Borate diffusion in wood from rods and liquid product: Application to laminated beams.
(Document No IRG/WP/3482). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [45]. Dirol, D., & Guder, J. P. (1989). Diffusion of fused boron rods in top ends of poles. (Document No IRG/
WP/3518). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [46]. Edlund, M. L., & Henningsson, B. (1983). A chemical and mycological evaluation of fused borate rods and a borate/glycol solution for remedial treatment of window joinery. (Document No IRG/WP/3225). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [47]. Freitag, C.M., Rhatigan, R., & Morrell, J.J. (2000). Theeffect of glycol additives on diffusion of boron through Douglas-fir. International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP) Document No IRG/WP/30235. Stockholm, Sweden.
- [48]. Freitag, C., Morrell, J. J., & Love, C. S. (2011). Longterm performance of fused borate rods for limiting internal decay in Douglas-fir utility poles. Holzforschung, 65, 429-434.
- [49]. Grundlinger, R., Messner, K., & Janotte, O. (1991). Field evaluation determining the toxic effect and diffusion properties of Impel, Impresol, and TBTO capsules in l-joints (spruce) for pre-treatment application.
(Document No IRG/WP/3641). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [50]. Highley, T. L., & Ferge, L. (1995). Movement of boron from fused boron rods implanted in southern pine,
Douglas-fir, red oak, and white oak timbers. (Document No IRG/WP/95-30061). International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [51]. Highley, T. L., Finney, W., & Green III, F. (1994). Borate diffusion from fused borate rods in Douglas-fir transmission poles. (Document No IRG/WP/94-30042). International Research Group on Wood Preservation
(IRG/WP).
- [52]. Highley, T. L., Green III, F., & Finney, W.F. (1996). Distribution of boron from fused borate rods in Douglasfir
transmission poles. Document No IRG/WP/96-30112. International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG/WP).
- [53]. Konkler, M., Freitag, C., Love, C. S., & Morrell, J. J. (2014). Potential for migration of boron from fused boron
rods used as internal remedial treatments of utility poles. (Document No IRG/WP/14-50301). International
Research Group on Wood Protection (IRG/WP).
- [54]. Morrell, J. J., Sexton, C. M., & Archer, K. (1992). Diffusion of boron through selected wood species following application of fused borate rods. Forest Products Journal, 42(7/8), 41-44.
- [55]. Morrell, J. J., Love, C. S., & Freitag, C. M. (2011). Performance of a boron/fluoride rod for internal remedial
treatment of Douglas-fir poles. International Wood Products Journal, 2(2), 71-74.
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