Barkhausen Noise as A Magnetic Nondestructive Testing Technique
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 785 - 796, 15.07.2024
Ömer Adanur
,
Oğuz Koçar
,
Ahmet Serdar Güldibi
,
Engin Kocaman
,
Erhan Baysal
Öz
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) is a magnetic-based non-destructive electromagnetic testing method. Due to the electromagnetic working principle of MBN, it can be used for ferromagnetic materials, which consist of small magnetic fields discredited by domain walls and oriented in various directions. In an external magnetic field application, the fields turn to the magnetic direction, and the domain walls move and cause magnetic flux jumps. The jumps are named Barkhausen Noise (BN). The domain wall movements are sometimes pushed down by microstructure, composition, and defects. As the magnetic domain walls break away from the pinning sites produce MBN signal. MBN can be used for different material properties such as microstructure, composition, residual stress, and hardness. The paper's purpose is to analyze MBN as an improved NDT, clarify the relationship between material properties and MBN profile, and introduce MBN's applications and test equipment of MBN.
Kaynakça
- Agarwala VS, Reed PL, Ahmad S. 2000. Corrosion detection and monitoring - a review. Corrosion 2000, March26-31, Orlando, Florida, USA, pp: 272.
- Alamin M, Tian GY, Andrews A, Jackson P. 2012. Principal component analysis of pulsed eddy current response from corrosion in mild steel. IEEE Sens J, 12(8): 2548-53.
- Anglada-Rivera J, Padovese LR, Capó-Sánchez J. 2001. Magnetic barkhausen noise and hysteresis loop in commercial carbon steel: influence of applied tensile stress and grain size. J Magn Magn Mater, 231(2): 299-306.
- Antunes RA, Ichikawa RU, Martinez LG, Costa I. 2014. Characterization of corrosion products on carbon steel exposed to natural weathering and to accelerated corrosion tests. J Bio Tribocorros, 2014: e419570.
- Błachnio J, Dutkiewicz J, Salamon A. 2002. The effect of cyclic deformation in a 13% cr ferritic steel on structure and barkhausen noise level. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater, 323(1): 83-90.
- Blaow M, Evans JT, Shaw B. 2004. Effect of deformation in bending on magnetic barkhausen noise in low alloy steel. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater, 386(1): 74-80.
- Blaow M, Evans JT, Shaw BA. 2007. The effect of microstructure and applied stress on magnetic barkhausen emission in induction hardened steel. J Mat Sci, 42(12): 4364-71.
- Blaow, M, Evans JT, Shaw BA. 2006. Effect of hardness and composition gradients on barkhausen emission in case hardened steel. J Magn Magn Mater, 303(1): 153-59.
- Blitz J. 2012. Electrical and magnetic methods of non-destructive testing. Springer Science & Business Media, London, UK, pp: 125.
- Capó-Sánchez J, Pérez-Benitez J A, Padovese L R, Serna-Giraldo C. 2004. Dependence of the magnetic barkhausen emission with carbon content in commercial steels. J Mater Sci, 39(4): 1367-70.
- Christen R, Bergamini A, Motavalli M. 2009. Influence of steel wrapping on magneto-inductive testing of the main cables of suspension bridges. NDT E Int, 42(1): 22-27.
- Chung T, Lee JR. 2018. Thickness reconstruction of nuclear power plant pipes with flow-accelerated corrosion damage using laser ultrasonic wavenumber imaging. Struct Health Monit, 17(2): 255-65.
- Čilliková M, Uríček J, Neslušan M, Ballo V, Mičietová A. 2020. Monitoring of thermal damage after deposition of coatings via barkhausen noise technique. Acta Phys Pol A, 137(5): 637-39.
- Clapham, L, White S, Lee J, Atherton DL. 2000. Magnetic easy axis development in steel—the influence of manufacturing. J Appl Phys, 88(4): 2163-65.
- Colwell JD, Babic D. 2012. A review of oxidation on steel surfaces in the context of fire investigations. SAE Inter J Cars - Mechan Syst, 5(2): 1002-15.
- Cullity BD, Graham CD. 2011. Introduction to magnetic materials. John Wiley & Sons, London, UK, pp: 54.
- D’Amato C, Verdu C, Kleber X, Regheere G, Vincent A. 2003. Characterization of austempered ductile iron through barkhausen noise measurements. J Nondestr Eval, 22(4): 127-39.
- Dhar A, Clapham L, Atherton DL. 2001. Influence of uniaxial plastic deformation on magnetic barkhausen noise in steel. NDT E Int, 34(8): 507-14.
- Durin G, Zapperi S. 2004. The barkhausen effect. Sci Hyster, 2004: 181-267.
- Fischer P. 2013. Imaging magnetic structures with polarized soft x-rays. Synchrot Radiat News, 26(6): 12-19.
- Gatelier-Rothea C, Chicois J, Fougeres R, Fleischmann P. 1998. Characterization of pure iron and (130p.p.m.) carbon-iron binary alloy by barkhausen noise measurements: study of the influence of stress and microstructure. Acta Materialia, 46(14): 4873-82.
- Gauthier J, Krause T W, Atherton DL. 1998. Measurement of residual stress in steel using the magnetic barkhausen noise technique. NDT E Int, 31(1): 23-31.
- Ghanei S, Alam AS, Kashefi M, Mazinani M. 2014. Nondestructive characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of intercritically annealed dual-phase steel by magnetic barkhausen noise technique. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater, 607:253-60.
- Govindaraju MR, Strom A, Jiles DC, Biner SB, Chen ZJ. 1993. Evaluation of fatigue damage in steel structural components by magnetoelastic barkhausen signal analysis. Appl Phys Lett, 73(10): 6165-67.
- Graham DC, Chikazumi S. 1997. Physics of ferromagnetism. Calenderon Press, New York, USA. pp: 211-328.
- Gupta H, Zhang M, Parakka AP. 1997. Barkhausen effect in ground steels. Acta Material, 45(5): 1917-21.
- Honarvar F, Varvani-Farahani A. 2020. A review of ultrasonic testing applications in additive manufacturing: defect evaluation, material characterization, process control. Ultrasonics, 108: 106227.
- Hucailuk C, Nuñez N, Torres D. 2015. Study by magnetic barkhausen noise of a 1020 steel and 99.9% nickel plate. Proced Mat Sci, 9: 313-18.
- Iordache VE, Hug E, Buiron N. 2003. Magnetic behavior versus tensile deformation mechanisms in a non-oriented fe-(3 wt.%)si steel. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater, 359(1): 62-74.
- Jagadish C, Clapham L, Atherton DL. 1990. Influence of uniaxial elastic stress on power spectrum and pulse height distribution of surface barkhausen noise in pipeline steel. IEEE Trans Magn, 26(3): 1160-63.
- Jančula M, Neslušan M, Pastorek F, Pitoňák M, Pata V, Minárik P, Gocál J. 2021. Monitoring of corrosion extent in steel s460mc by the use of magnetic barkhausen noise emission. J Nondestr Eval, 40(3): 69.
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- Jiles D, Suominen L. 1994. Effects of surface stress on barkhausen effect emissions: model predictions and comparison with x-ray diffraction studies. IEEE Trans Magn, 30(6): 4924-4926.
- Jiles DC, Garikepati P, Palmer DD. 1989. Evaluation of residual stress in 300m steels using magnetization, barkhausen effect and x-ray diffraction techniques. In: Thompson DO and Chimenti DE, editors. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. Boston, USA, 8th ed., Part A and Part B., pp: 2081-2087.
- Kaplan M, Gür CH, Erdogan M. 2007. Characterization of dual-phase steels using magnetic barkhausen noise technique. J Nondestr Eval, 26(2): 79-87.
- Kemal D, Gür CH. 2008. Manyetik barkhausen gürültüsü yöntemi ile çeliklerde tahribatsız içyapı karakterizasyonu. 3rd International Non-Destructive Testing Symposium and Exhibition, 17-19 April, Istanbul, Türkiye, pp: 243.
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Barkhausen Noise as A Magnetic Nondestructive Testing Technique
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 785 - 796, 15.07.2024
Ömer Adanur
,
Oğuz Koçar
,
Ahmet Serdar Güldibi
,
Engin Kocaman
,
Erhan Baysal
Öz
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) is a magnetic-based non-destructive electromagnetic testing method. Due to the electromagnetic working principle of MBN, it can be used for ferromagnetic materials, which consist of small magnetic fields discredited by domain walls and oriented in various directions. In an external magnetic field application, the fields turn to the magnetic direction, and the domain walls move and cause magnetic flux jumps. The jumps are named Barkhausen Noise (BN). The domain wall movements are sometimes pushed down by microstructure, composition, and defects. As the magnetic domain walls break away from the pinning sites produce MBN signal. MBN can be used for different material properties such as microstructure, composition, residual stress, and hardness. The paper's purpose is to analyze MBN as an improved NDT, clarify the relationship between material properties and MBN profile, and introduce MBN's applications and test equipment of MBN.
Kaynakça
- Agarwala VS, Reed PL, Ahmad S. 2000. Corrosion detection and monitoring - a review. Corrosion 2000, March26-31, Orlando, Florida, USA, pp: 272.
- Alamin M, Tian GY, Andrews A, Jackson P. 2012. Principal component analysis of pulsed eddy current response from corrosion in mild steel. IEEE Sens J, 12(8): 2548-53.
- Anglada-Rivera J, Padovese LR, Capó-Sánchez J. 2001. Magnetic barkhausen noise and hysteresis loop in commercial carbon steel: influence of applied tensile stress and grain size. J Magn Magn Mater, 231(2): 299-306.
- Antunes RA, Ichikawa RU, Martinez LG, Costa I. 2014. Characterization of corrosion products on carbon steel exposed to natural weathering and to accelerated corrosion tests. J Bio Tribocorros, 2014: e419570.
- Błachnio J, Dutkiewicz J, Salamon A. 2002. The effect of cyclic deformation in a 13% cr ferritic steel on structure and barkhausen noise level. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater, 323(1): 83-90.
- Blaow M, Evans JT, Shaw B. 2004. Effect of deformation in bending on magnetic barkhausen noise in low alloy steel. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater, 386(1): 74-80.
- Blaow M, Evans JT, Shaw BA. 2007. The effect of microstructure and applied stress on magnetic barkhausen emission in induction hardened steel. J Mat Sci, 42(12): 4364-71.
- Blaow, M, Evans JT, Shaw BA. 2006. Effect of hardness and composition gradients on barkhausen emission in case hardened steel. J Magn Magn Mater, 303(1): 153-59.
- Blitz J. 2012. Electrical and magnetic methods of non-destructive testing. Springer Science & Business Media, London, UK, pp: 125.
- Capó-Sánchez J, Pérez-Benitez J A, Padovese L R, Serna-Giraldo C. 2004. Dependence of the magnetic barkhausen emission with carbon content in commercial steels. J Mater Sci, 39(4): 1367-70.
- Christen R, Bergamini A, Motavalli M. 2009. Influence of steel wrapping on magneto-inductive testing of the main cables of suspension bridges. NDT E Int, 42(1): 22-27.
- Chung T, Lee JR. 2018. Thickness reconstruction of nuclear power plant pipes with flow-accelerated corrosion damage using laser ultrasonic wavenumber imaging. Struct Health Monit, 17(2): 255-65.
- Čilliková M, Uríček J, Neslušan M, Ballo V, Mičietová A. 2020. Monitoring of thermal damage after deposition of coatings via barkhausen noise technique. Acta Phys Pol A, 137(5): 637-39.
- Clapham, L, White S, Lee J, Atherton DL. 2000. Magnetic easy axis development in steel—the influence of manufacturing. J Appl Phys, 88(4): 2163-65.
- Colwell JD, Babic D. 2012. A review of oxidation on steel surfaces in the context of fire investigations. SAE Inter J Cars - Mechan Syst, 5(2): 1002-15.
- Cullity BD, Graham CD. 2011. Introduction to magnetic materials. John Wiley & Sons, London, UK, pp: 54.
- D’Amato C, Verdu C, Kleber X, Regheere G, Vincent A. 2003. Characterization of austempered ductile iron through barkhausen noise measurements. J Nondestr Eval, 22(4): 127-39.
- Dhar A, Clapham L, Atherton DL. 2001. Influence of uniaxial plastic deformation on magnetic barkhausen noise in steel. NDT E Int, 34(8): 507-14.
- Durin G, Zapperi S. 2004. The barkhausen effect. Sci Hyster, 2004: 181-267.
- Fischer P. 2013. Imaging magnetic structures with polarized soft x-rays. Synchrot Radiat News, 26(6): 12-19.
- Gatelier-Rothea C, Chicois J, Fougeres R, Fleischmann P. 1998. Characterization of pure iron and (130p.p.m.) carbon-iron binary alloy by barkhausen noise measurements: study of the influence of stress and microstructure. Acta Materialia, 46(14): 4873-82.
- Gauthier J, Krause T W, Atherton DL. 1998. Measurement of residual stress in steel using the magnetic barkhausen noise technique. NDT E Int, 31(1): 23-31.
- Ghanei S, Alam AS, Kashefi M, Mazinani M. 2014. Nondestructive characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of intercritically annealed dual-phase steel by magnetic barkhausen noise technique. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater, 607:253-60.
- Govindaraju MR, Strom A, Jiles DC, Biner SB, Chen ZJ. 1993. Evaluation of fatigue damage in steel structural components by magnetoelastic barkhausen signal analysis. Appl Phys Lett, 73(10): 6165-67.
- Graham DC, Chikazumi S. 1997. Physics of ferromagnetism. Calenderon Press, New York, USA. pp: 211-328.
- Gupta H, Zhang M, Parakka AP. 1997. Barkhausen effect in ground steels. Acta Material, 45(5): 1917-21.
- Honarvar F, Varvani-Farahani A. 2020. A review of ultrasonic testing applications in additive manufacturing: defect evaluation, material characterization, process control. Ultrasonics, 108: 106227.
- Hucailuk C, Nuñez N, Torres D. 2015. Study by magnetic barkhausen noise of a 1020 steel and 99.9% nickel plate. Proced Mat Sci, 9: 313-18.
- Iordache VE, Hug E, Buiron N. 2003. Magnetic behavior versus tensile deformation mechanisms in a non-oriented fe-(3 wt.%)si steel. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater, 359(1): 62-74.
- Jagadish C, Clapham L, Atherton DL. 1990. Influence of uniaxial elastic stress on power spectrum and pulse height distribution of surface barkhausen noise in pipeline steel. IEEE Trans Magn, 26(3): 1160-63.
- Jančula M, Neslušan M, Pastorek F, Pitoňák M, Pata V, Minárik P, Gocál J. 2021. Monitoring of corrosion extent in steel s460mc by the use of magnetic barkhausen noise emission. J Nondestr Eval, 40(3): 69.
- Jayakumar T, Rao BPC, Mukhopadhyay CK, Viswanath A, Vaidyanathan S. 2012. Advances in electromagnetic nde techniques for characterization of metallic materials. Electromagnetic Nondestructive Evaluation, IOS Press, India, New Delhi, 36th ed., pp: 79-86.
- Jiles D, Suominen L. 1994. Effects of surface stress on barkhausen effect emissions: model predictions and comparison with x-ray diffraction studies. IEEE Trans Magn, 30(6): 4924-4926.
- Jiles DC, Garikepati P, Palmer DD. 1989. Evaluation of residual stress in 300m steels using magnetization, barkhausen effect and x-ray diffraction techniques. In: Thompson DO and Chimenti DE, editors. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. Boston, USA, 8th ed., Part A and Part B., pp: 2081-2087.
- Kaplan M, Gür CH, Erdogan M. 2007. Characterization of dual-phase steels using magnetic barkhausen noise technique. J Nondestr Eval, 26(2): 79-87.
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