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Dittrichia viscosa Methanol Extract-Containing Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Gel Formulations: Preparation and in vitro Characterization Studies

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 391 - 397, 15.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1600965

Öz

Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter (Dv) has antimicrobial, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and wound-healing properties. We aimed to prepare the methanol extract (Dv-Me) of the aerial parts of Dv and to determine its antioxidant capacity by FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH methods. In addition, we prepared nanoemulsion (NE) and NE-based gel (NEG) formulations containing Dv-Me for topical application to the skin for wound healing and characterized these formulations in vitro. The antioxidant capacity of Dv-Me was determined by CUPRAC, FRAP, and DPPH methods. Then, NE formulations with/without extract (B-NE and Dv-Me-NE) were developed and in vitro characterized [morphological analysis; centrifuge test; viscosity and pH measurements; FT-IR analysis; the determination of zeta potential, droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI)]. Besides, B-NEG and Dv-Me-NEG were prepared and in vitro characterized [FT-IR analysis; viscosity and pH measurements]. The droplet size and zeta potential values of NE formulations were smaller than 185 nm and around -30 mV, respectively. PDI values were found to be less than 0.3. The pH values of Dv-Me-NE and Dv-Me-NEG were found to be 5.13±0.01 and 5.87±0.02, respectively. The NE and NEG formulations showed Newtonian and pseudoplastic behaviors, respectively. As a result, Dv-Me-NEG exhibits the desired pseudoplastic behavior for topical application to the skin.

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Al-Qudaihi A, Alaseel SE, Fita IZ, Khalid MS, Pottoo FH. 2019. Preparation of a novel curcumin nanoemulsion by ultrasonication and its comparative effects in wound healing and the treatment of inflammation. RSC Adv, 9(35): 20192–20206.
  • Algahtani MS, Ahmad MZ, Nourein IH, Albarqi HA, Alyami HS, Alyami MH, Algahtani AA, Alasiri A, Algahtani TS, Mohammed AA, Ahmad J. 2021a. Preparation and characterization of curcumin nanoemulgel utilizing ultrasonication technique for wound healing: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation. Gels, 7(4): 213.
  • Algahtani MS, Ahmad MZ, Shaikh IA, Abdel-Wahab BA, Nourein IH, Ahmad J. 2021b. Thymoquinone loaded topical nanoemulgel for wound healing: formulation design and in vivo evaluation. Molecules, 26(13): 3863.
  • Apak R, Güçlü K, Ozyürek M, Esin Karademir S, Erçağ E. 2006. The cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of some herbal teas. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 57(5–6): 292–304.
  • Ashaolu TJ. 2021. Nanoemulsions for health, food, and cosmetics: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 19(4): 3381–3395.
  • Benzie IFF, Strain JJ. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem, 239(1): 70–76.
  • Brahmi-Chendouh N, Piccolella S, Crescente G, Pacifico F, Boulekbache L, Hamri-Zeghichi S, Akkal S, Madani K, Pacifico S. 2019. A nutraceutical extract from Inula viscosa leaves: UHPLC-HR-MS/MS based polyphenol profile, and antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. J Food Drug Anal, 27(3): 692–702.
  • Büyüktuncel E. 2013. Toplam fenolik içerik ve antioksidan kapasite tayininde kullanılan başlıca spektrofotometrik yöntemler. Marmara Pharm J, 17(2): 93–103.
  • Canli Taşar Ö. 2020. Inulinase production capability of a promising medicinal plant: Inula viscosa. Commagene J Biol, 4(1): 67-73.
  • Danino O, Gottlieb HE, Grossman S, Bergman M. 2009. Antioxidant activity of 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid isolated from Inula viscosa. Food Res Int, 42(9): 1273–1280.
  • Donthi MR, Munnangi SR, Krishna KV, Saha RN, Singhvi G, Dubey SK. 2023. Nanoemulgel: a novel nano carrier as a tool for topical drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, 15(1): 164.
  • Kebir M, Trari M, Maachi R, Nasrallah N, Amrane A. 2015. Valorization of Inula viscosa waste extraction, modeling of isotherm, and kinetic for the tartrazine dye adsorption. Desalin Water Treat, 54(10): 2806–2816.
  • Khalil EA, Afifi FU, Al-Hussaini M. 2007. Evaluation of the wound healing effect of some Jordanian traditional medicinal plants formulated in Pluronic F127 using mice (Mus musculus). J. Ethnopharmacol, 109(1): 104–112.
  • Kouache A, Khelifa A, Boutoumi H, Moulay S, Feghoul A, Idir B, Aoudj S. 2022. Experimental and theoretical studies of Inula viscosa extract as a novel eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 M HCl. J Adhes Sci Technol, 36(9): 988–1016.
  • Lambers H, Piessens S, Bloem A, Pronk H, Finkel P. 2006. Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora. Int J Cosmet Sci, 28(5): 359–370.
  • Lovelyn C, Attama AA. 2011. Current state of nanoemulsions in drug delivery. J Biomater Nanobiotechnol, 2: 626–639.
  • Mahamat Nor SB, Woi PM, Ng SH. 2017. Characterisation of ionic liquids nanoemulsion loaded with piroxicam for drug delivery system. J Mol Liq, 234: 30–39.
  • Mekky H, Sohafy SE, El-khair RA, Hawiet AE. 2017. Total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of Silybum marianum cultures grown on different growth regulators. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 9(4): 44–47.
  • Morsy MA, Abdel-Latif RG, Nair AB, Venugopala KN, Ahmed AF, Elsewedy HS, Shehata TM. 2019. Preparation and evaluation of atorvastatin-loaded nanoemulgel on wound-healing efficacy. Pharmaceutics, 11(11): 609.
  • Mrid RB, Bouchmaa N, Kabach I, Zouaoui Z, Chtibi H, Maadoudi, ME, Kounnoun A, Cacciola F, Majdoub YOE, Mondello L, Zyad A, Nhiri M. 202. Dittrichia viscosa L. leaves: a valuable source of bioactive compounds with multiple pharmacological effects. Molecules, 27(7): 2108.
  • Mssillou I, Agour A, Slighoua M, Chebaibi M, Amrati FE, Alshawwa SZ, Kamaly OA, El Moussaoui A, Lyoussi B, Derwich E. 2022. Ointment-based combination of Dittrichia viscosa L. and Marrubium vulgare L. accelerate burn wound healing. Pharmaceuticals, 15(3): 289.
  • Mushtaq A, Mohd Wani S, Malik AR, Gull A, Ramniwas S, Ahmad Nayik G, Ercisli S, Alina Marc R, Ullah R, Bari A. 2023. Recent insights into nanoemulsions: their preparation, properties and applications. Food Chem X, 18: 100684.
  • Preeti, Sambhakar S, Malik R, Bhatia S, Al Harrasi A, Rani C Saharan S, Kumar S, Geeta, Sehrawat R. 2023. Nanoemulsion: an emerging novel technology for improving the bioavailability of drugs. Scientifica, 2023: 6640103.
  • Rechek H, Haouat A, Hamaidia K, Pinto DCGA, Boudiar T, Válega MSGA, Pereira DM, Pereira RB, Silva AMS. 2023. Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton ethanolic extract inhibits the growth of human AGS and A549 cancer cell lines. Chem Biodivers, 20(3): e202200890.
  • Rhimi W, Hlel R, Ben Salem I, Boulila A, Rejeb A, Saidi M. 2019. Dittrichia viscosa L. ethanolic extract based ointment with antiradical, antioxidant, and healing wound activities. BioMed Res Int, 2019: 4081253.
  • Salar RK, Sharma P, Purewal SS. 2015. In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of stem extract of Euphorbia trigona Miller. CELLMED, 5(2): e14.
  • Seca AML, Grigore A, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS. 2014. The genus Inula and their metabolites: from ethnopharmacological to medicinal uses. J Ethnopharmacol, 154(2): 286–310.
  • Solans C, Izquierdo P, Nolla J, Azemar N, Garcia-Celma M. 2005. Nano-emulsions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci, 10: 102–110.
  • Spiegel M, Kapusta K, Kołodziejczyk W, Saloni J, Żbikowska B, Hill GA, Sroka Z. 2020. Antioxidant activity of selected phenolic acids-ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and QSAR analysis of the structural features. Molecules, 25(13): 3088.
  • Teixeira MC, Severino P, Andreani T, Boonme P, Santini A, Silva AM, Souto EB. 2017. d-α-tocopherol nanoemulsions: size properties, rheological behavior, surface tension, osmolarity and cytotoxicity. Saudi Pharm J, 25(2): 231–235.
  • Ugur Kaplan AB, Cetin M, Orgul D, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Hacımuftuoglu A, Hekimoglu S. 2019. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of topical nanoemulsion and nanoemulsion-based gels containing daidzein. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, 52: 189–203.

Dittrichia viscosa Methanol Extract-Containing Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Gel Formulations: Preparation and in vitro Characterization Studies

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 391 - 397, 15.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1600965

Öz

Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter (Dv) has antimicrobial, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and wound-healing properties. We aimed to prepare the methanol extract (Dv-Me) of the aerial parts of Dv and to determine its antioxidant capacity by FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH methods. In addition, we prepared nanoemulsion (NE) and NE-based gel (NEG) formulations containing Dv-Me for topical application to the skin for wound healing and characterized these formulations in vitro. The antioxidant capacity of Dv-Me was determined by CUPRAC, FRAP, and DPPH methods. Then, NE formulations with/without extract (B-NE and Dv-Me-NE) were developed and in vitro characterized [morphological analysis; centrifuge test; viscosity and pH measurements; FT-IR analysis; the determination of zeta potential, droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI)]. Besides, B-NEG and Dv-Me-NEG were prepared and in vitro characterized [FT-IR analysis; viscosity and pH measurements]. The droplet size and zeta potential values of NE formulations were smaller than 185 nm and around -30 mV, respectively. PDI values were found to be less than 0.3. The pH values of Dv-Me-NE and Dv-Me-NEG were found to be 5.13±0.01 and 5.87±0.02, respectively. The NE and NEG formulations showed Newtonian and pseudoplastic behaviors, respectively. As a result, Dv-Me-NEG exhibits the desired pseudoplastic behavior for topical application to the skin.

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Al-Qudaihi A, Alaseel SE, Fita IZ, Khalid MS, Pottoo FH. 2019. Preparation of a novel curcumin nanoemulsion by ultrasonication and its comparative effects in wound healing and the treatment of inflammation. RSC Adv, 9(35): 20192–20206.
  • Algahtani MS, Ahmad MZ, Nourein IH, Albarqi HA, Alyami HS, Alyami MH, Algahtani AA, Alasiri A, Algahtani TS, Mohammed AA, Ahmad J. 2021a. Preparation and characterization of curcumin nanoemulgel utilizing ultrasonication technique for wound healing: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation. Gels, 7(4): 213.
  • Algahtani MS, Ahmad MZ, Shaikh IA, Abdel-Wahab BA, Nourein IH, Ahmad J. 2021b. Thymoquinone loaded topical nanoemulgel for wound healing: formulation design and in vivo evaluation. Molecules, 26(13): 3863.
  • Apak R, Güçlü K, Ozyürek M, Esin Karademir S, Erçağ E. 2006. The cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of some herbal teas. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 57(5–6): 292–304.
  • Ashaolu TJ. 2021. Nanoemulsions for health, food, and cosmetics: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 19(4): 3381–3395.
  • Benzie IFF, Strain JJ. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem, 239(1): 70–76.
  • Brahmi-Chendouh N, Piccolella S, Crescente G, Pacifico F, Boulekbache L, Hamri-Zeghichi S, Akkal S, Madani K, Pacifico S. 2019. A nutraceutical extract from Inula viscosa leaves: UHPLC-HR-MS/MS based polyphenol profile, and antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. J Food Drug Anal, 27(3): 692–702.
  • Büyüktuncel E. 2013. Toplam fenolik içerik ve antioksidan kapasite tayininde kullanılan başlıca spektrofotometrik yöntemler. Marmara Pharm J, 17(2): 93–103.
  • Canli Taşar Ö. 2020. Inulinase production capability of a promising medicinal plant: Inula viscosa. Commagene J Biol, 4(1): 67-73.
  • Danino O, Gottlieb HE, Grossman S, Bergman M. 2009. Antioxidant activity of 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid isolated from Inula viscosa. Food Res Int, 42(9): 1273–1280.
  • Donthi MR, Munnangi SR, Krishna KV, Saha RN, Singhvi G, Dubey SK. 2023. Nanoemulgel: a novel nano carrier as a tool for topical drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, 15(1): 164.
  • Kebir M, Trari M, Maachi R, Nasrallah N, Amrane A. 2015. Valorization of Inula viscosa waste extraction, modeling of isotherm, and kinetic for the tartrazine dye adsorption. Desalin Water Treat, 54(10): 2806–2816.
  • Khalil EA, Afifi FU, Al-Hussaini M. 2007. Evaluation of the wound healing effect of some Jordanian traditional medicinal plants formulated in Pluronic F127 using mice (Mus musculus). J. Ethnopharmacol, 109(1): 104–112.
  • Kouache A, Khelifa A, Boutoumi H, Moulay S, Feghoul A, Idir B, Aoudj S. 2022. Experimental and theoretical studies of Inula viscosa extract as a novel eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 M HCl. J Adhes Sci Technol, 36(9): 988–1016.
  • Lambers H, Piessens S, Bloem A, Pronk H, Finkel P. 2006. Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora. Int J Cosmet Sci, 28(5): 359–370.
  • Lovelyn C, Attama AA. 2011. Current state of nanoemulsions in drug delivery. J Biomater Nanobiotechnol, 2: 626–639.
  • Mahamat Nor SB, Woi PM, Ng SH. 2017. Characterisation of ionic liquids nanoemulsion loaded with piroxicam for drug delivery system. J Mol Liq, 234: 30–39.
  • Mekky H, Sohafy SE, El-khair RA, Hawiet AE. 2017. Total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of Silybum marianum cultures grown on different growth regulators. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 9(4): 44–47.
  • Morsy MA, Abdel-Latif RG, Nair AB, Venugopala KN, Ahmed AF, Elsewedy HS, Shehata TM. 2019. Preparation and evaluation of atorvastatin-loaded nanoemulgel on wound-healing efficacy. Pharmaceutics, 11(11): 609.
  • Mrid RB, Bouchmaa N, Kabach I, Zouaoui Z, Chtibi H, Maadoudi, ME, Kounnoun A, Cacciola F, Majdoub YOE, Mondello L, Zyad A, Nhiri M. 202. Dittrichia viscosa L. leaves: a valuable source of bioactive compounds with multiple pharmacological effects. Molecules, 27(7): 2108.
  • Mssillou I, Agour A, Slighoua M, Chebaibi M, Amrati FE, Alshawwa SZ, Kamaly OA, El Moussaoui A, Lyoussi B, Derwich E. 2022. Ointment-based combination of Dittrichia viscosa L. and Marrubium vulgare L. accelerate burn wound healing. Pharmaceuticals, 15(3): 289.
  • Mushtaq A, Mohd Wani S, Malik AR, Gull A, Ramniwas S, Ahmad Nayik G, Ercisli S, Alina Marc R, Ullah R, Bari A. 2023. Recent insights into nanoemulsions: their preparation, properties and applications. Food Chem X, 18: 100684.
  • Preeti, Sambhakar S, Malik R, Bhatia S, Al Harrasi A, Rani C Saharan S, Kumar S, Geeta, Sehrawat R. 2023. Nanoemulsion: an emerging novel technology for improving the bioavailability of drugs. Scientifica, 2023: 6640103.
  • Rechek H, Haouat A, Hamaidia K, Pinto DCGA, Boudiar T, Válega MSGA, Pereira DM, Pereira RB, Silva AMS. 2023. Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton ethanolic extract inhibits the growth of human AGS and A549 cancer cell lines. Chem Biodivers, 20(3): e202200890.
  • Rhimi W, Hlel R, Ben Salem I, Boulila A, Rejeb A, Saidi M. 2019. Dittrichia viscosa L. ethanolic extract based ointment with antiradical, antioxidant, and healing wound activities. BioMed Res Int, 2019: 4081253.
  • Salar RK, Sharma P, Purewal SS. 2015. In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of stem extract of Euphorbia trigona Miller. CELLMED, 5(2): e14.
  • Seca AML, Grigore A, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS. 2014. The genus Inula and their metabolites: from ethnopharmacological to medicinal uses. J Ethnopharmacol, 154(2): 286–310.
  • Solans C, Izquierdo P, Nolla J, Azemar N, Garcia-Celma M. 2005. Nano-emulsions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci, 10: 102–110.
  • Spiegel M, Kapusta K, Kołodziejczyk W, Saloni J, Żbikowska B, Hill GA, Sroka Z. 2020. Antioxidant activity of selected phenolic acids-ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and QSAR analysis of the structural features. Molecules, 25(13): 3088.
  • Teixeira MC, Severino P, Andreani T, Boonme P, Santini A, Silva AM, Souto EB. 2017. d-α-tocopherol nanoemulsions: size properties, rheological behavior, surface tension, osmolarity and cytotoxicity. Saudi Pharm J, 25(2): 231–235.
  • Ugur Kaplan AB, Cetin M, Orgul D, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Hacımuftuoglu A, Hekimoglu S. 2019. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of topical nanoemulsion and nanoemulsion-based gels containing daidzein. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, 52: 189–203.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Nanoteknoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Farnaz Sharifloo 0009-0000-7669-5847

Afife Büşra Uğur Kaplan 0000-0003-2222-8789

Yaşar Furkan Kılınboz 0000-0002-9646-4197

Meltem Çetin 0000-0003-4009-2432

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 27 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Sharifloo, F., Uğur Kaplan, A. B., Kılınboz, Y. F., Çetin, M. (2025). Dittrichia viscosa Methanol Extract-Containing Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Gel Formulations: Preparation and in vitro Characterization Studies. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 8(2), 391-397. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1600965
AMA Sharifloo F, Uğur Kaplan AB, Kılınboz YF, Çetin M. Dittrichia viscosa Methanol Extract-Containing Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Gel Formulations: Preparation and in vitro Characterization Studies. BSJ Eng. Sci. Mart 2025;8(2):391-397. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1600965
Chicago Sharifloo, Farnaz, Afife Büşra Uğur Kaplan, Yaşar Furkan Kılınboz, ve Meltem Çetin. “Dittrichia Viscosa Methanol Extract-Containing Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Gel Formulations: Preparation and in Vitro Characterization Studies”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 8, sy. 2 (Mart 2025): 391-97. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1600965.
EndNote Sharifloo F, Uğur Kaplan AB, Kılınboz YF, Çetin M (01 Mart 2025) Dittrichia viscosa Methanol Extract-Containing Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Gel Formulations: Preparation and in vitro Characterization Studies. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 8 2 391–397.
IEEE F. Sharifloo, A. B. Uğur Kaplan, Y. F. Kılınboz, ve M. Çetin, “Dittrichia viscosa Methanol Extract-Containing Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Gel Formulations: Preparation and in vitro Characterization Studies”, BSJ Eng. Sci., c. 8, sy. 2, ss. 391–397, 2025, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.1600965.
ISNAD Sharifloo, Farnaz vd. “Dittrichia Viscosa Methanol Extract-Containing Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Gel Formulations: Preparation and in Vitro Characterization Studies”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 8/2 (Mart 2025), 391-397. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1600965.
JAMA Sharifloo F, Uğur Kaplan AB, Kılınboz YF, Çetin M. Dittrichia viscosa Methanol Extract-Containing Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Gel Formulations: Preparation and in vitro Characterization Studies. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2025;8:391–397.
MLA Sharifloo, Farnaz vd. “Dittrichia Viscosa Methanol Extract-Containing Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Gel Formulations: Preparation and in Vitro Characterization Studies”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, c. 8, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 391-7, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1600965.
Vancouver Sharifloo F, Uğur Kaplan AB, Kılınboz YF, Çetin M. Dittrichia viscosa Methanol Extract-Containing Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Gel Formulations: Preparation and in vitro Characterization Studies. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2025;8(2):391-7.

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