New Perspectives On Fertilization Programs. Why We Should Make A Difference With New Paradigms?

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 3, 13 - 20, 30.12.2016

Burçin Çokuysal

Öz

Agricultural production is regarded as the first scientific and technologic revolution, which is well accepted in the science world. Throughout the last century, it has been recognized the Intensive production paradigm till the early of 1980s depending on the developments in the science and technology world. It is seen that the present production systems dominate the Sustainable production paradigm. Yet, it would seem that it is foreseen to transfer to the Food system paradigm in the near future.

The study aims that new perspective puts forward the three important points in the agricultural production. The first one is the management of stress conditions and factors, the other one is the new approaches to increase the activity of food elements in the management of fertilizer usage and the last one is the consideration of new preparates and new sources.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Agricultural Production Paradigms, Sustainability, Integrated Nutrient Management

Gübreleme Programlarına Yeni Bir Bakış: Yeni paradigmalarla, Neden Fark Yaratmak Zorundayız?

Öz

Tarımsal üretim, bilim dünyasında kabul gören ilk bilimsel ve teknolojik devrim olarak kabul edilir. Son yüzyıldır, bilim ve teknolojideki gelişmelere bağlı olarak 1980’lerin başına kadar geçen dönemde Yoğun Üretim Paradigmasının geçerli olduğu kabul edilir. Bugünkü üretim sistemlerine ise; Sürdürülebilir Üretim Paradigmasının hakim olduğu görülür. Ancak görünen o ki, yakın gelecekte Gıda Sistemleri Paradigmasına geçileceği öngörülmektedir.

Çalışma; tarımsal üretimde yeni bakış açısını üç önemli noktaya çevirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bunlardan ilki stres koşullarının ve faktörlerinin yönetimi, diğeri besin elementlerinin etkinliğini arttırabilmek için gübre kullanım yönetiminde yeni yaklaşımlar sonuncusu ise yeni preparatlar ve yeni kaynakların değerlendirilmesi şeklinde sıralanabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tarımsal Üretim Paradigmaları, Sürdürülebilirlik, Entegre Bitki Besin Maddesi Yönetimi

Kaynakça

• Alva, A.K., Paramasivam, S., Obreza, T.A., Schumann, A.W. Nitrogen Best Management Practice for Citrus Trees. Fruit Yield, Quality and Leaf Nutritional Status. Scientia Horticulturae. Vol.107. 2006
• Barker, A. V., Pilbeam, D. J. Handbook of Plant Nutrition. Taylor and Francis Group., 2007.
• Blum, A. Effective use of water (EUW) and not ro Water-use Efficiency is the Target of Crop Yield Improvement Under Drought Stress. Field Crop Research. Vol.112. 2000.
• Bray E.A., Bailey-Serres, J., E. Weretilnyk. Responses to Abiotic Stresses. In: Buchanan B., Gruissem W., Jones R., editors. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists; Rockville, MD, USA. 2000.
• Bruulsema, T. Know Your Fertilizer Rights. Soils&Crops. March-April 2009.
• Byerlee, D., Janvry , A., Sadoulet, E. Agriculture for Development: Toward a New Paradigm. Annual Review of Reseource Economics. Vol.1:15-3.
• Cassman, K. G., Doberman, A., Walters, D.T. Agroecosystems, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Management. Ambio. 31. 2002
• Cheng L. When and How much Nitrogen Should be Applied in Apple Orchards? New York fruit Quarterly. Vol. 18(4). 2010.
• Christensen, B., Petersen, J., Schact, M. Long-term Field experiments- A Unique Research Platform. Proceeding of NJF Seminar 407. Danimarka, 2008.
• Conan, A. R. Bilim Tarihi, Dünya Kültürlerinde Bilimin Tarihi ve Gelişmesi. TÜBİTAK Yayınları, Ankara, 2005.
• Çokuysal, B. Toprak Bitki ve Su Analizlerine Dayalı Gübreleme Programlarının Hazırlanması. Fen Bilimleri Ens. Yl. Ders Notları, İzmir, 2016.
• Çokuysal, B. Bitkilerde Stres Tepkileri ve Gübreleme. Valagro Eğitim Seminerleri, Isparta. 2016.
• Das, D., Dwivedi, B. S., Meena, M. C. Interated Nutrient Management for Improving Soil Health and Crop Productivity. Indian J. Fert., Vol.11(4). 2015.
• Debreczeni, K., Körshens, M. Long Term field experiment of The World. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 2010
• FAO. Integrated plant nutrition system. FAO Fertiliser and Plant Nutrition Bulletin No. 12. Rome. 426 pp. 1995
• FAO. Save and Grow. A Policymaker’s Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production. 2011 ISBN 978-92-5-106871-7.
• FAO. The State of Food and Agriculture. Paying Farmers for Environment Services. Rome: FAO, 2007.
• FAO. International Years of Soil. Soils store and filter water - Improving food security and our resilience to floods and droughts http://www.fao.org/soils-2015/en/ . 2015.
• Gruhn, P., F. Goletti, M. Yudelman. Integrated nutrient management, soil fertility and sustainable agriculture: current issues and future challenges, IFRPI 2020 Vision Brief. 2000.
• Gübretaş, Gübreleme Rehberi. 2012.
• Hammami, A., Rezgui, S., Hellali, R. Leaf N and K Concentrations for Optimum Fruit Production, Quality and Biomass Tree Growth in Clementine Mandarin Under Mediterranean Climate. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry. Vol.2 (7). 2010.
• Haifa. Nutritional Recommendation for citrus. http://www.haifa-group.com/files/Guides/Citrus.pdf
• Haifa Group., Erişim tarihi 2016.
• Hart, J., Righetti, T., Stevens, B., Stebbins, B., Lombart, P., Burkhart, D., Buskirk, P. Pears. Fertilizer Guide. Oregon State University, USA. 1997.
• Holzapfel, B., Smith, J. The Inportance of Post-Harvest Vineyard Management and Restoration of Grapevine Carbohydrate and Mineral Nutrient Resources in The Riverina. Post Harvest Vineyard Management. Grape and Wine Research and development Corporation. 2011
• Kacar, B., Katkat, V. Gübreler ve Gübreleme Tekniği. Vipaş A.Ş. Bursa, 1999.
• Kacar, B., Katkat, V., Bitki Besleme. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. 2007.
• Kafkafi, U., Tarchitzky, J. Fertigation: A tool for Efficient Fertilizer and Water Management. Int. Fertilizer Industry Association, Intç Potash Institue, Paris. ISBN 978-2-9523139-8-8. 2011
• Kassam, A., Friedrich, T. Conservation Agriculture in the 21 Centry: A Paradigm of Sustainable Agriculture. European Congress on Conservative Agriculture, 2010, Madrid.
• Kassam, A., Friedrich, T. An Ecologically Sustainable Approach to Agricultural Production Intensification: Global Perspectives and Developments. Field Actions Science Report. Special Issue 6. 2012 Institut Veoli Environment.
• Knox, G., Broschat, T., Black, R. Fertilizer Recommendations for Landscape Plants. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, USA 2002.
• Kuhn, T.S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962. McKenzie, R. Crop Nutrition and Fertilizer Requirements. Soil Fertility/Crop Nutrition, Agriculture, Food And Rural Development. 1998.
• Merbach, W., Deubel A. The Long Term Fertilization Trails in Halle, Germany. Teubner Research. Almanya. ISBN 978-3-8350-4000-7. 2007.Montpellier Panel, 2013. A New Sustainable Intensification: A New Paradigm For African Agriculture. Imperial Colloge London.
• Oerke E.C. Crop losses to pests. J. Agri. Sci. 2006;144:31–43.
• Roberts, L. T. Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency. Turkish Journal of Agricultur and Forestry. Vol.38. 2008.
• Tuebes, A. Nutrient Requirements for Grapevines. College of Agrçculrural anr Environment Sciences, USA, 2001.
• Türkcan, E. Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Bilim Teknoloji ve Politika. Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2009.
• Toros Tarım. Gübreleme Rehberi (Çolakoğlu ve Çiçekli). 2015.
• Norton, R. Perris, R., Armstrong, R. Learning From Long-termExperiments-WhatDo They Teach Us. Better Crops, Vol.94, No.2., 2010.
• Rothamsted Research, 2012. Long Term Experiments, Guide to the Classical and Other Long-term Experiments Dataset and Sample Archive. Rothamsted Research, İngiltere, ISBN 0 9514456 9 3
• Wang, M., Zheng, Q., Shen, Q., Guo, S. The Critical role of Potassium in Plant Stresss Response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Vol.14(4). 2013.
• Wilton, J. Postharvest Orchard Management. Agfirts, New Zeland. http://apal.org.au/post-harvest-orchard-management/ , 2016
• Wojcik, P. Effect of Postharvest Sprays of Boron and Urea on Yiled and Fruit Quality of Apple Trees. Journal of Plant Nutrition Vol.29. Is.3. 2006.
• World Bank. World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. USA.
• World Watch Institute (WWI), Nourishing the Planet. State of the World 2011: Innovations that Nourish the Planet http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/research/state-of-the-world-2011-2/
• Yara, Crop Nutrition, Apple Nutritional Summary. http://www.yara.us/agriculture/crops/apple/key-facts/nutritional-summary/
• Zhang, Q., Wang, G. Studies on Nutrient Uptake of Rice and Characteristics of Soil Microorganisms in a Long-term Fertilization Experiments for Irrigated Rice. Journal of Zhejiang Uni. Science, 6B(2): 147-154., 2005.