Araştırma Makalesi
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An Image, Two Perspectives: Investigation of Parents' Perceptions of Autism Spectrum Disorders Through Metaphors

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 63, 776 - 797, 27.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1567098

Öz

For children with different developmental needs, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), joining a family significantly affects the family's life and changes the family's lifestyle. The challenges that begin with the birth of a child with ASD cause families to develop complex perceptions about their child's diagnosis and experiences. The purpose of this study is to determine parents' perceptions of ASD through metaphors. Phenomenology design, one of the qualitative research designs, was used in the study. A total of 148 parents (74 mothers and 74 fathers) with children diagnosed with ASD participated in the study. The findings revealed that mothers and fathers produced a total of 99 (mother=39; father=60) different metaphors in 5 different categories and that the metaphors produced by the parents about ASD were grouped under the same categories; therefore, both mothers and fathers had very similar perceptions of ASD. The findings of the study were discussed with the literature, and suggestions for further research were presented.

Kaynakça

  • Akins, R. S., Krakowiak, P., Angkustsiri, K., Hertz-Picciotto, I., & Hansen, R. L. (2014). Utilization patterns of conventional and complementary/alternative treatments in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental disabilities in a population-based study. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 35(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000013
  • Aring, S., & Renk, K. (2010). Associations among young children's temperament, parents' perceptions of their young children, and characteristics of the parent-young child relationship. Journal of Early Childhood & Infant Psychology, 6(2010), 59-83.
  • Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K. A., & Edelbrock, C. (2002). Behavior problems and parenting stress in families of three-year-old children with and without developmental delays. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(6), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0433:BPAPSI>2.0.CO;2
  • Bal, S., & Koç, G. (2018). The attitudes of first-time fathers towards involvement in baby care and the status of paternal involvement in Turkey. Journal of Depression & Anxiety, 7(316), 2167–1044. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1044.1000316
  • Balcıoğlu, R., & Parlar, H. (2021). Türkiye’de babalık konusu üzerine yapılan lisansüstü tezlerin incelenmesi. Akademik Platform Eğitim ve Değişim Dergisi, 4(2), 266–284.
  • Bayrakdar, U. (2023). Annelerin çocuk gelişimine ilişkin bilgileri özel gereksinimli çocukların ev ortamlarının kalitesini yordar mı?. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1), 60–79. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1212416
  • Blacher, J., & McIntyre, L. L. (2006). Syndrome specificity and behavioural disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: Cultural differences in family impact. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(3), 184–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00768.x
  • Briegel, W., Greuel, J., Stroth, S., & Heinrichs, N. (2019). Parents’ perception of their 2–10-year-old children’s contribution to the dyadic parent-child relationship in terms of positive and negative behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071123
  • Bugental, D. B., & Johnston, C. (2000). Parental and child cognitions in the context of the family. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 315–344. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.315
  • Capps, L., Kasari, C., Yirmiya, N., & Sigman, M. (1993). Parental perception of emotional expressiveness in children with autism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(3), 475–484. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.3.475
  • Creswell, JW. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (3rd ed). Sage.
  • Cronin, C. (2003). First-time mothers–identifying their needs, perceptions and experiences. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12(2), 260-267.
  • Dash, M. J., Hamdani, Y., Laliberte Rudman, D., & Teachman, G. (2023). Representations of parenting autistic children: A critical interpretive synthesis. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 30(8), 1209–1223. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2023.2210802
  • Eccles, J. S., & Harold, R. D. (1993). Parent-school involvement during the early adolescent years. Teachers College Record, 94(3), 568–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146819309400311
  • Ekici, G. (2016). Biyoloji öğretmeni adaylarının mikroskop kavramına ilişkin algılarının belirlenmesi: Bir metafor analizi çalışması. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 615–636.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (Vol. 2). Norton.
  • Fleming, A. S., Steiner, M., & Anderson, V. (1987). Hormonal and attitudinal correlates of maternal behaviour during the early postpartum period in first-time mothers. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 5(4), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838708403495
  • Gazibara, T., Nikolovski, J., Lakic, A., Pekmezovic, T., & Kisic-Tepavcevic, D. (2014). Parental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards children with epilepsy in Belgrade (Serbia). Epilepsy & Behavior, 41(2014), 210–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.062 Graungaard, A. H., & Skov, L. (2007). Why do we need a diagnosis? A qualitative study of parents’ experiences, coping and needs, when the newborn child is severely disabled. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33(3), 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00666.x
  • Green, V. A. (2007a). Parental experience with treatments for autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(2007), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-007-9035-y
  • Green, S. E. (2007b). “We’re tired, not sad”: Benefits and burdens of mothering a child with a disability. Social Science & Medicine, 64(1), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.025
  • Gray, D. E. (2002). Ten years on: A longitudinal study of families of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 27(3), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/1366825021000008639
  • Gray, D. E. (2003). Gender and coping: The parents of children with high functioning autism. Social Science & Medicine, 56(3), 631-642. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00059-X
  • Güleç-Aslan, Y., Cihan, H., & Altın, D. (2014). Living with a child with autism spectrum disorders: experiences of mothers. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 13(50), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.41128
  • Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2020). Annual Research Review: Looking back to look forward–changes in the concept of autism and implications for future research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13176
  • Hastings, R. P., & Taunt, H. M. (2002). Positive perceptions in families of children with developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(2), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0116:PPIFOC>2.0.CO;2
  • Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(2013), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y
  • Hernández‐Martínez, C., Canals Sans, J., & Fernández‐Ballart, J. (2011). Parents' perceptions of their neonates and their relation to infant development. Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(4), 484–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01210.x
  • Hickey, G., McGilloway, S., Leckey, Y., Furlong, M., Leavy, S., Stokes, A., ... & Donnelly, M. (2019). Mothers' well‐being, parenting attitudes, and home environment: Cumulative risk and parity in early motherhood. Child: Care, Health and Development, 45(4), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12677
  • Hiekel, N., & Kühn, M. (2024). Lessons from the pandemic: Gender inequality in childcare and the emergence of a gender mental health gap among parents in Germany. Demographic Research, 51(3), 49–80. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2024.51.3
  • Hines, M., Balandin, S., & Togher, L. (2012). Buried by autism: Older parents’ perceptions of autism. Autism, 16(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361311416678
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Bir Resim, İki Perspektif: Ebeveynlerin Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğuna İlişkin Algılarının Metaforlar Yoluyla İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 63, 776 - 797, 27.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1567098

Öz

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) gibi farklı gelişimsel ihtiyaçları olan bir çocuğun aileye katılması, ailenin hayatını önemli ölçüde etkileyerek ailenin yaşam tarzını değiştirir. OSB’li çocuğun aileye katılmasıyla başlayan zorluklar, ailelerin çocuklarının tanı ve deneyimleri hakkında karmaşık algılar geliştirmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, OSB tanılı çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin OSB’ye ilişkin algılarının metaforlar yoluyla belirlenmesidir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden fenomenoloji deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya OSB tanılı çocuğa sahip 148 ebeveyn (74 anne ve 74 baba) katılmıştır. Bulgular, annelerin ve babaların 5 farklı kategoride toplam 99 (anne=39 ; baba=60) farklı metafor ürettiklerini, ebeveynlerin OSB’ye ilişkin ürettikleri metaforların aynı kategoriler altında gruplandığını dolayısıyla hem annelerin hem de babaların OSB’ye ilişkin oldukça benzer algılara sahip olduklarını göstermektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları alanyazında yer alan diğer çalışmaların bulguları ile tartışılarak ileri araştırmalara yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Akins, R. S., Krakowiak, P., Angkustsiri, K., Hertz-Picciotto, I., & Hansen, R. L. (2014). Utilization patterns of conventional and complementary/alternative treatments in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental disabilities in a population-based study. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 35(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000013
  • Aring, S., & Renk, K. (2010). Associations among young children's temperament, parents' perceptions of their young children, and characteristics of the parent-young child relationship. Journal of Early Childhood & Infant Psychology, 6(2010), 59-83.
  • Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K. A., & Edelbrock, C. (2002). Behavior problems and parenting stress in families of three-year-old children with and without developmental delays. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(6), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0433:BPAPSI>2.0.CO;2
  • Bal, S., & Koç, G. (2018). The attitudes of first-time fathers towards involvement in baby care and the status of paternal involvement in Turkey. Journal of Depression & Anxiety, 7(316), 2167–1044. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1044.1000316
  • Balcıoğlu, R., & Parlar, H. (2021). Türkiye’de babalık konusu üzerine yapılan lisansüstü tezlerin incelenmesi. Akademik Platform Eğitim ve Değişim Dergisi, 4(2), 266–284.
  • Bayrakdar, U. (2023). Annelerin çocuk gelişimine ilişkin bilgileri özel gereksinimli çocukların ev ortamlarının kalitesini yordar mı?. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1), 60–79. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1212416
  • Blacher, J., & McIntyre, L. L. (2006). Syndrome specificity and behavioural disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: Cultural differences in family impact. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(3), 184–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00768.x
  • Briegel, W., Greuel, J., Stroth, S., & Heinrichs, N. (2019). Parents’ perception of their 2–10-year-old children’s contribution to the dyadic parent-child relationship in terms of positive and negative behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071123
  • Bugental, D. B., & Johnston, C. (2000). Parental and child cognitions in the context of the family. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 315–344. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.315
  • Capps, L., Kasari, C., Yirmiya, N., & Sigman, M. (1993). Parental perception of emotional expressiveness in children with autism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(3), 475–484. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.3.475
  • Creswell, JW. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (3rd ed). Sage.
  • Cronin, C. (2003). First-time mothers–identifying their needs, perceptions and experiences. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12(2), 260-267.
  • Dash, M. J., Hamdani, Y., Laliberte Rudman, D., & Teachman, G. (2023). Representations of parenting autistic children: A critical interpretive synthesis. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 30(8), 1209–1223. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2023.2210802
  • Eccles, J. S., & Harold, R. D. (1993). Parent-school involvement during the early adolescent years. Teachers College Record, 94(3), 568–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146819309400311
  • Ekici, G. (2016). Biyoloji öğretmeni adaylarının mikroskop kavramına ilişkin algılarının belirlenmesi: Bir metafor analizi çalışması. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 615–636.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (Vol. 2). Norton.
  • Fleming, A. S., Steiner, M., & Anderson, V. (1987). Hormonal and attitudinal correlates of maternal behaviour during the early postpartum period in first-time mothers. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 5(4), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838708403495
  • Gazibara, T., Nikolovski, J., Lakic, A., Pekmezovic, T., & Kisic-Tepavcevic, D. (2014). Parental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards children with epilepsy in Belgrade (Serbia). Epilepsy & Behavior, 41(2014), 210–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.062 Graungaard, A. H., & Skov, L. (2007). Why do we need a diagnosis? A qualitative study of parents’ experiences, coping and needs, when the newborn child is severely disabled. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33(3), 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00666.x
  • Green, V. A. (2007a). Parental experience with treatments for autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(2007), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-007-9035-y
  • Green, S. E. (2007b). “We’re tired, not sad”: Benefits and burdens of mothering a child with a disability. Social Science & Medicine, 64(1), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.025
  • Gray, D. E. (2002). Ten years on: A longitudinal study of families of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 27(3), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/1366825021000008639
  • Gray, D. E. (2003). Gender and coping: The parents of children with high functioning autism. Social Science & Medicine, 56(3), 631-642. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00059-X
  • Güleç-Aslan, Y., Cihan, H., & Altın, D. (2014). Living with a child with autism spectrum disorders: experiences of mothers. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 13(50), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.41128
  • Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2020). Annual Research Review: Looking back to look forward–changes in the concept of autism and implications for future research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13176
  • Hastings, R. P., & Taunt, H. M. (2002). Positive perceptions in families of children with developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(2), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0116:PPIFOC>2.0.CO;2
  • Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(2013), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y
  • Hernández‐Martínez, C., Canals Sans, J., & Fernández‐Ballart, J. (2011). Parents' perceptions of their neonates and their relation to infant development. Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(4), 484–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01210.x
  • Hickey, G., McGilloway, S., Leckey, Y., Furlong, M., Leavy, S., Stokes, A., ... & Donnelly, M. (2019). Mothers' well‐being, parenting attitudes, and home environment: Cumulative risk and parity in early motherhood. Child: Care, Health and Development, 45(4), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12677
  • Hiekel, N., & Kühn, M. (2024). Lessons from the pandemic: Gender inequality in childcare and the emergence of a gender mental health gap among parents in Germany. Demographic Research, 51(3), 49–80. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2024.51.3
  • Hines, M., Balandin, S., & Togher, L. (2012). Buried by autism: Older parents’ perceptions of autism. Autism, 16(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361311416678
  • Hong, X., & Liu, Q. (2021). Parenting stress, social support and parenting self-efficacy in Chinese families: Does the number of children matter?. Early Child Development and Care, 191(14), 2269–2280. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2019.1702036
  • Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. B. (2014). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (5 th ed.). Sage.
  • Kanne, S. M., & Mazurek, M. O. (2011). Aggression in children and adolescents with ASD: Prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(2011), 926–937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1118-4
  • Kuhlthau, K., Payakachat, N., Delahaye, J., Hurson, J., Pyne, J. M., Kovacs, E., & Tilford, J. M. (2014). Quality of life for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(10), 1339–1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.07.002
  • Kuzucu, Y. (2011). Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi [The changing role of fathers and its impact on child development]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(35), 79-89.
  • Lagattuta, K. H., Sayfan, L., & Bamford, C. (2012). Do you know how I feel? Parents underestimate worry and overestimate optimism compared to child self-reports. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113(2), 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.04.001
  • Lévesque, S., Bisson, V., Charton, L., & Fernet, M. (2020). Parenting and relational well-being during the transition to parenthood: Challenges for first-time parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(2020), 1938–1956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01727-z
  • Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet, 392(10146), 508–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31129-2
  • Matson, J. L., Hess, J. A., Kozlowskil, A. M., & Neal, D. (2011). An examination of differences in symptom endorsement of autism spectrum disorders: A comparison between mothers and fathers. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 14(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2010.519759
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
  • Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Sage Publications.
  • Miragoli, S., Balzarotti, S., Camisasca, E., & Di Blasio, P. (2018). Parents’ perception of child behavior, parenting stress, and child abuse potential: Individual and partner influences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 84(2018), 146-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.034
  • Mire, S. S., Gealy, W., Kubiszyn, T., Burridge, A. B., & Goin-Kochel, R. P. (2017). Parent perceptions about autism spectrum disorder influence treatment choices. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 32(4), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357615610547
  • Moore, J., & Abetz, J. S. (2019). What do parents regret about having children? Communicating regrets online. Journal of Family Issues, 40(3), 390–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18811388
  • Myers, B. J., Mackintosh, V. H., & Goin-Kochel, R. P. (2009). “My greatest joy and my greatest heart ache:” Parents’ own words on how having a child in the autism spectrum has affected their lives and their families’ lives. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(3), 670–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.01.004
  • Osborne, L. A., & Reed, P. (2010). Stress and self-perceived parenting behaviors of parents of children with autistic spectrum conditions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(3), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.011
  • Öztürk, N., Sucuoğlu, B. & Avci, K. (2023). Home-based parental involvement (Yayımlanmamış Araştırma Raporu).
  • Paterson, G., & Sanson, A. (1999). The association of behavioral adjustment to temperament, parenting, and family characteristics among 5‐year‐old children. Social Development, 8(3), 293-309. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00097
  • Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation methods (2nd ed.). Sage.
  • Piaget, J. (1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Children. Norton & Co. https://doi.org/10.1037/11494-000
  • Pomerantz, E. M., & Dong, W. (2006). Effects of parents’ perceptions of children’s competence: The moderating role of parents’ theories of competence. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 950–961. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.950
  • Potter, C. A. (2017). “I received a leaflet and that is all”: Father experiences of a diagnosis of autism. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 45(2), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/bld.12179
  • Reinicke, K. (2020). First-time fathers’ attitudes towards, and experiences with, parenting courses in Denmark. American Journal of Men's Health, 14(5), 1-13 https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988320957546
  • Rojas-Torres, L. P., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2020). Early intervention with parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: A review of programs. Children, 7(12), 294–322. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7120294
  • Russell, S., & McCloskey, C. R. (2016). Parent perceptions of care received by children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 31(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2015.11.002
  • Saban, A. (2008). Okula ilişkin metaforlar. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 55(1), 459–496.
  • Sivberg, B. (2002). Coping strategies and parental attitudes, a comparison of parents with children with autistic spectrum disorders and parents with non-autistic children. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 61(sup2), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v61i0.17501
  • Smith, L. E., Greenberg, J. S., & Seltzer, M. M. (2012). Social support and well-being at mid-life among mothers of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(2012), 1818–1826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1420-9
  • Smith, L. E., Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Almeida, D. M., & Bishop, S. L. (2010). Daily experiences among mothers of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(2010), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0844-y
  • Stevenson, D. L., & Baker, D. P. (1987). The family-school relation and the child’s school performance. Child Development, 58(5), 1348–1357. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130626
  • Tomanik, S., Harris, G. E., & Hawkins, J. (2004). The relationship between behaviours exhibited by children with autism and maternal stress. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 29(1), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668250410001662892
  • Van Hove, G., De Schauwer, E., Mortier, K., Bosteels, S., Desnerck, G., & Van Loon, J. (2009). Working with mothers and fathers of children with disabilities: Metaphors used by parents in a continuing dialogue. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 17(2), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930902951379
  • Verma, R. (2017). Unplanned journey of parenting a child with special needs. Indian Journal of Research, 6(3), 581–583
  • Woodgate, R. L., Ateah, C., & Secco, L. (2008). Living in a world of our own: The experience of parents who have a child with autism. Qualitative Health Research, 18(8), 1075–1083. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732308320112
  • Xuereb, R. B., Abela, A., & Spiteri, G. (2012). Early parenting–portraits from the lives of first-time parents. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 30(5), 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2012.744961
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (9. baskı) Seçkin Yayınevi.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Otizm ve Spekrum Bozukluğu Eğitimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Uygar Bayrakdar 0000-0001-6310-6492

Emrah Gülboy 0000-0002-7802-6839

Seyhan Soğancı 0000-0002-7133-6033

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 25 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 63

Kaynak Göster

APA Bayrakdar, U., Gülboy, E., & Soğancı, S. (2025). Bir Resim, İki Perspektif: Ebeveynlerin Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğuna İlişkin Algılarının Metaforlar Yoluyla İncelenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi(63), 776-797. https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1567098