Sanayide Enerji Verimliliğinde Son Gelişmeler: Türkiye Örneği

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 494 - 547, 29.06.2024

Cemre Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1442017

Öz

Ülkelerin kalkınma sürecindeki vazgeçilmez faktörlerden birisi olan üretimin kesintisiz bir şekilde sürebilmesi için uygun maliyetli, sürekli, güvenli ve temiz enerjiye ulaşabilmeleri büyük önem arz etmektedir. Ülkeler bir yandan büyümeye devam ederken, diğer yandan 2030 için belirlenen 2° ve 2050 yılına kadar karbon nötr hedeflerini göz önüne almak durumundadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çeşitli sektörel inovasyonların kullanılması gerekmektedir. Bu derlemede, küresel enerji tüketimi ve karbon salınımının başlıca sorumlularından olan sanayi sektöründeki güncel enerji verimliliği çalışmalarıyla ilgili yerli ve yabancı kaynaklar taranarak, ulaşılan olası çözüm önerileri başlıklar altında aktarılmıştır. Araştırmalar sonucunda, atık ısı geri kazanım sistemi ile ısıtma veriminin %32,32 artarak tüketilen elektrik enerjisinin yaklaşık %30’nun geri kazanılabildiği hesaplanmıştır. Kojenerasyon sistemlerinin var olan yapıya entegresi ile gaz türbinlerinin elektrik dönüşüm verimliliğinin %30-40 seviyelerinden %80-90‘lara çıktığı görülmüştür. Yapılan denetimlerde yatırımın kendini 1,5–3 yıl gibi bir sürede amorti ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Karbon nötr hedefi doğrultusunda geliştirilen bir diğer yöntem olan karbon yakalama teknolojisi üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda, demirçelik gibi karbon yoğun sektörlerde yöntemin CO_2 salınımını %65’e varan oranlarda düşüreceği hesaplanmaktadır. Çalışmanın devamında, Türkiye’nin enerji görünümü, yürürlükte olan verimlilik politikaları ile güncel sanayi istatistikleri derlenerek, endüstrideki enerji verimliliğini artırmaya yönelik çalışmalar yürütecek akademi ve özel sektör çalışanlarına katkıda bulunulması amaçlanmıştır. Sanayi sektörünün önemli bir tüketim kalemini oluşturduğu Türkiye’de, bu alanındaki en kapsamlı yasal düzenleme 2007 yılında yayınlanan 5627 sayılı Enerji Verimliliği Kanunu ve güncel versiyonu 2018’de paylaşılan ISO 50001 Enerji Yönetimi Sistemi Standardı’dır. Firmalara yapacakları temiz üretim teknolojileri uygulamalarının maliyetlerini yükseltmeyeceği gibi, aksine ekonomik açıdan da geri dönüşü kısa yatırımlar olduğunun aktarılması sanayi genelinde farkındalığı artıracaktır. Türkiye’deki sanayi sektörünün enerji tasarruf potansiyelinin en az %20 olduğu ve bunun yaklaşık %50'sinin küçük yatırım miktarları ile iki yıldan az sürede kendini amorti ederek gerçekleşebileceği tespit edilmiştir. Yenilenebilir Enerji Genel Müdürlüğü’nün çalışmalarına göre, sanayi sektöründe atılacak doğru adımlar ile Türkiye’nin toplam birincil enerji talebinin %15 düşürülebileceği hesaplanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Enerji verimliliği, Atık ısı, Kojenerasyon, Karbon yakalama ve depolama, Yapay Zekâ, Sanayide robotlaşma

Recent Developments in Energy Efficiency of Industry: The Case of Türkiye

Öz

It is critical that countries have access to affordable, continuous, safe, and clean energy in order for production, which is one of the most important aspects in their development processes, to continue uninterrupted. While countries continue to grow, they must also consider the 2°C targets for 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050. For this purpose, various sectoral innovations need to be used. In this review, domestic and foreign sources related to current energy efficiency studies in the industrial sector, which is one of the main responsible for global energy consumption and carbon emissions, have been scanned and possible solution suggestions have been presented under headings. As a result of the research, it was calculated that with the waste heat recovery system, the heating efficiency could increase by 32.32% and approximately 30% of the consumed electrical energy could be recovered. It has been observed that with the integration of cogeneration systems into the existing structure, the electricity conversion efficiency of gas turbines increased from 30-40% to 80-90%. During the audits, it was determined that the investment amortized itself in a period of 1.5-3 years. Carbon capture technology, another option designed to meet the carbon neutral target, is estimated to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 65% in carbon-intensive sectors such as iron and steel. In the continuation of the study, it is aimed to contribute to academic and private sector employees who will carry out studies to increase energy efficiency in the industry by compiling Turkey's energy outlook, current efficiency policies and current industrial statistics. In Turkey, where the industrial sector is a significant consumer item, the most complete legal regulation in this field is the Energy Efficiency Law No. 5627, published in 2007, and the ISO 50001 Energy Management System Standard, the most recent edition of which was shared in 2018. In this context, providing guidance enterprises that their clean production technology applications would not increase their costs, but will instead be investments with short economic returns, will raise industry awareness. It has been estimated that Turkey's industrial sector has an energy savings potential of at least 20%, with about 50% of this achievable with minimal investments and amortization in less than two years. According to research conducted by the General Directorate of Renewable Energy, Turkey's overall primary energy demand can be decreased by 15% with the proper industrial sector policies implemented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Energy efficiency, Waste heat, Cogeneration, Carbon capture and storage, Artificial intelligence, Robotization in industry

Kaynakça

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