Antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds of methanol extracts of raisin and grape seed of Horoz Karası (Vitis vinifera L)
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 293 - 303, 21.06.2024
Gülcan Koyuncu
,
Filiz Uçan Türkmen
Öz
It is of great importance to determine the bioactive properties of grapes and grape products that have significant positive effects on nutrition and health. In this study, phytochemical properties, antioxidant properties by different methods and phenolic compounds of raisins and seeds methanol extracts of Horoz Karası (Vitis vinifera L) variety were determined. While the total phenolic content of the methanol extracts of raisins was 0.662 mg GAE g-1, this value was determined as 1.542 mg GAE g-1 in the seeds. The amounts of total flavonoid substance (0.15 mg RE g-1) and ascorbic acid (174.29 mg L-1) were found to be higher in the seeds. While DPPH radical scavenging activity was higher in raisins, FRAP antioxidant capacity was higher in seeds. In all antioxidant analyses, the differences between raisins and seeds were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The phenolic compounds found in the highest amount in raisins were catechin hydrate (406.91 mg kg-1) from flavonoids and chrysin (331.60 mg kg-1) from flavones, while caffeic acid (990.42 mg kg-1) from hydroxycinnamic acids in seeds and naringine (310.56 mg kg-1) from flavones were found. It has also been determined that the seeds contain a very high amount of phenolic compounds compared to raisins. The data obtained revealed that methanol extracts of Horoz Karası raisins and seeds can be used as a phenolic component and natural antioxidant source thanks to the bioactive properties they contain. The differences between raisins and seeds were statistically significant in all antioxidant analyses.
Kaynakça
- Aras Aşcı, Ö., & Göktürk Baydar, N. (2021). Exchange of total carbohydrate, minerals, and phenolics in grape and grape products. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 9(6), 1106-1113.
- Arozarena, I., Ayestar An, B., Cantalejo, M. A., Navarro, M., Vera, M., Abril, I., & Casp, A. (2002). Anthocyanin composition of Tempranillo, Garnacha and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Highand low-quality vineyards over two years. European Food Research and Technology, 214, 303-309.
- Aydin, S., Yilmaz, O., & Gokce, Z. (2015). Protective effect of Morus nigra L. (mulberry) fruit extract on the liver fatty acid profile of wistar rats. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 47(1), 255-261.
- Balbaba, N., & Bağcı, S. (2022). Horoz Karası üzüm çeşidinde bazı kalite parametrelerinin belirlenmesi. Food and Health, 8(4), 290-301.
- Baltaci, N., Aydogdu, N., Sarikurkcu, C., & Tepe, B. (2021). Onosma gracilis (Trautv.) and O. oreodoxa (Boiss. & Heldr.): Phytochemistry, in silico docking, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. South African Journal of Botany, 143, 410-417.
- Baydar, N. G., & Akkurt, M. (2001). Oil content and oil quality properties of some grape seeds. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 25, 163-168.
- Breksa, A.P., Takeoka, G.R., Hidalgo, M.B., Vilches, A., Vasse, J., & Ramming, D.W. (2010). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of 16 raisin grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars and selections. Food Chemistry, 121(3), 740-745.
- Burcova, Z., Kreps, F., Schmidt, S., Strizincova, P., Jablonsky, M., Kyselka, J., Haz, A., & Surina, I. (2019). Antioxidant activity and the tocopherol and phenol contents of grape residues. BioResources, 14, 4146-4156.
- Çelik, H., Çelik, S., Marasalı Kunter, B., Söylemezoğlu, G., Boz, Y., Özer, C., & Atak, A. (2005). Bağcılıkta gelişme ve üretim hedefleri. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği IV. Teknik Kongresi, (s. 565-588), 3-7 Ocak, Ankara, Türkiye.
- Duran, Z. (2014). Malatya ve Elazığ illerinde yetiştirilen bazı üzüm çeşitlerinin organik asit, şeker ve fenolik madde bilesikleri ile antioksidan aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İnönü Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Malatya.
- Fernandes, L., Casal, S., Cruz, R., Pereira, J. A., & Ramalhosa, E. (2013). Seed oils of ten traditional portuguese grape varieties with ınteresting chemical and antioxidant properties. Food Research International, 50, 161-166.
- Göktürk Baydar, N., Özkan G., & Yaşar S. (2007). Evaluation of the antiradical and antioxidant potential of grape extracts. Food Control, 18, 1131-1136.
- Karadeniz, F., Durst, R. W., & Wrolstad, R. E. (2000). Polyphenolic composition of raisins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(11), 5343-5350.
- Kelebek, H., Jourdes, M., Selli, S., & Teissedre, P. L. (2013). Comparative evaluation of the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of sun-dried raisins. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(12), 2963-2972.
- Kok, D. (2020). Response of grape quality characteristics of some table grape varieties (V. vinifera L.) grown in Northwestern Turkey to heat summation index and latitude-temperature index. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 62, 17-23.
- Kök, D., & Bal, E. (2017). Compositional differences in phenolic compounds and anthocyanin contents of some table and wine grape (V. vinifera L.) varieties from Turkey. Oxidation Communications, 40(2), 648-656.
- Meng, J., Fang, Y., Zhang, A., Chen, S., Xu, T., Ren, Z., & Wang, H. (2011). Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of chinese raisins produced in Xinjiang province. Food Research International, 44(9), 2830-2836.
- Mizzi, L., Chatzitzika, C., Gatt, R., & Valdramidis, V. (2020). HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids with overlapping peaks. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 58(1), 12-19.
- Negro, C., Tommasi, L., & Miceli A. (2003). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from red grape marc extracts. Bioresource Technology, 87, 41-44.
- Nychas, G. J. E., Tassou, C. C., & Skandamis, P. (2003). Making the Most of Herbs, Spices and Their Active Components. In: S. Roller (Ed.). Natural antimicrobials for the minimal processing of foods (pp. 176-200).
- Öz, V. (2018). Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi çekirdekli kuru üzümlerin bazı fitokimyasal özelliklerin belirlenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Dicle Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Diyarbakır.
- Ribereau-Gayon, P., Dubourdieu, D., Doneche, B., & Lonvaud, A. (2006). The chemistry of wine stabilization and treatments. England, Ltd, England: John Wiley&Son.
- Sanchez, C.M. (2006). Polyphenolic fractions from wine by-products as potential antitumoral and/or protective agents against UV damage (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Universidad De Barcelona, Instituto De Investigaciones Químicas Y Ambientales De Barcelona-Csıc.
- Sarıçam, A. (2014). Üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktlarının antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Sakarya Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
- Scheerens, J. C. (2001). Phytochemicals and the consumers: Factors affecting fruit and vegetable consumption and the potential for increasing small fruit in the diet. Horttech, 11, 547-556.
- Şimşek, A., Artık, N., & Başpınar, E. (2004). Detection of raisin concentrate (pekmez) adulteration by regression analysis method. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 17, 155-163.
- Terra, X., Valls, J., Vitrac, X., Merrillon, Jm., Arola, L., Ardevol, A., Blade, C., Fernandez-Larrea, J., Pujadas, G., Salvado, J., & Blay, M. (2007). Grape-seed procyanidins act as antiinflammatory agents in endotoxin-stimulated raw 264.7 macrophages by inhibiting Nfkb signaling pathway. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(11), 4357-4365.
- Topalovic, A., Godjevac, D., Perovic, N., & Trifunovic, S. (2012). Comparative study of the phenolic composition of seeds from grapes cv Cardinal and Alphonse Lavallee during last month of ripening. Italian Journal of Food Science, 24, 159-166.
- Torres, J. L., Varela, B., Garcia, M. T., Carilla, J., Matito,C., Centelles, J. J., Cascante, M., Sort, X., & Bobet, R. L. (2002). Valorization of grape (Vitis Vinifera) byproducts, antioxidant and biological properties of polyphenolic fractions differing in procyanidin composition and flavonol content. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 7548-7555.
- TÜİK, (2022). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri Veri Tabanı. Retrieved from:https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr.
- Ucan Turkmen, F., & Mercimek Takci, H. A. (2018). Ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-B lights effect on black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus) juice. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 12, 1038-1046.
- Ucan Turkmen, F., Mercimek Takci, H. A., & Sarigullu Onalan, F. E. (2020). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of sour cherry stalk extracts by in vitro methods. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 290-301.
- Ucan Turkmen, F., Sarigullu Onalan, F. E., & Mercimek Takci, H. A. (2021). Antioxidant activities of pomegranate peel methanolic and water extracts by in vitro methods. Natural Science and Discovery, 4(1), 1-6.
- Ucan Türkmen, F., Sarıgüllü Önalan, F. E., & Mercimek Takci, H. A. (2022). Nar kabuklarının su ve metanol ekstraktlarının antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 11(2), 363-372.
- Wang, X., Tong, H., Chen, F., & Gangemi, J. D. (2010). Chemical characterization and antioxidant evaluation of Muscadine grape pomace extract. Food Chemistry, 123, 1156-1162.
- Williams, C. A., & Grayer, R. J. (2004). Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Natural Product Reports, 21(4), 539-573.
- Williamson, G., & Carughi, A. (2010). Polyphenol content and health benefits of raisins. Nutrition Research, 30(8), 511-519.
- Yalçın, H., Sağdıç, O., Ekici, L., & Kavuncuoğlu, H. (2013). Ülkemizde işlenmiş üzümlerin çekirdek yağlarının yemeklik yağ kalitesinin belirlenmesi ve çekirdek ekstraktı ve yağının bazı yemeklik yağların stabilitesine etkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi, Proje No: FBA-10-2960, 37 s.
- Zengin, G., Sarikurkcu, C., Aktumsek, A., Ceylan, R., & Ceylan, O. (2014). A comprehensive study on phytochemical characterization of Haplophyllum myrtifolium Boiss. endemic to Turkey and its inhibitory potential against key enzymes ınvolved in alzheimer, skin diseases and type II diabetes. Industrial Crops and Products, 53, 244-251.
Horoz Karası (Vitis vinifera L) kuru üzüm ve üzüm çekirdeği metanol ekstraktlarının antioksidan özellikleri ile fenolik bileşikleri
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 293 - 303, 21.06.2024
Gülcan Koyuncu
,
Filiz Uçan Türkmen
Öz
Beslenme ve sağlık üzerine önemli olumlu etkileri olan üzüm ve üzüm ürünlerinin biyoaktif özelliklerinin belirlenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Horoz Karası (Vitis vinifera L) çeşidi kuru üzüm ve çekirdek metanol ekstraktlarının fitokimyasal özellikleri, farklı yöntemlerle antioksidan özellikleri ve fenolik bileşikleri belirlenmiştir. Kuru üzümlerin metanol ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik madde miktarı 0.662 mg GAE g-1 olarak bulunurken, çekirdekte bu değer 1.542 mg GAE g-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam flavonoid madde (0.15 mg RE g-1) ve askorbik asit (174.29 mg L-1) miktarları çekirdekte daha yüksek tespit edilmiştir. DPPH radikal giderme aktivitesi kuru üzümde daha fazla bulunurken, FRAP antioksidan kapasitesi çekirdekte daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Tüm antioksidan analizlerinde kuru üzüm ve çekirdek arasındaki farklar istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Kuru üzümlerde en yüksek miktarda bulunan fenolik bileşikler flavonoidlerden kateşin hidrat (406.91 mg kg-1) ve flavonlardan krisin (331.60 mg kg-1) olurken, çekirdeklerde hidroksisinamik asitlerden kafeik asit (990.42 mg kg-1) ve flavonlardan narinjin (310.56 mg kg-1) olmuştur. Çekirdeklerin kuru üzüme kıyasla oldukça yüksek miktarda fenolik bileşik içerdiği de tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler Horoz Karası kuru üzüm ve çekirdeklerinin metanol ekstraktlarının içerdikleri biyoaktif özellikler sayesinde fenolik bileşen ve doğal antioksidan kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.
Destekleyen Kurum
Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi BAP Birimi
Teşekkür
Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi BAP birimine (Proje No: 21-13112) ve fenolik bileşen tayininde yarıdımcı olan Öğr. Gör. Dr. Ümit Haydar EROL’a teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- Aras Aşcı, Ö., & Göktürk Baydar, N. (2021). Exchange of total carbohydrate, minerals, and phenolics in grape and grape products. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 9(6), 1106-1113.
- Arozarena, I., Ayestar An, B., Cantalejo, M. A., Navarro, M., Vera, M., Abril, I., & Casp, A. (2002). Anthocyanin composition of Tempranillo, Garnacha and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Highand low-quality vineyards over two years. European Food Research and Technology, 214, 303-309.
- Aydin, S., Yilmaz, O., & Gokce, Z. (2015). Protective effect of Morus nigra L. (mulberry) fruit extract on the liver fatty acid profile of wistar rats. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 47(1), 255-261.
- Balbaba, N., & Bağcı, S. (2022). Horoz Karası üzüm çeşidinde bazı kalite parametrelerinin belirlenmesi. Food and Health, 8(4), 290-301.
- Baltaci, N., Aydogdu, N., Sarikurkcu, C., & Tepe, B. (2021). Onosma gracilis (Trautv.) and O. oreodoxa (Boiss. & Heldr.): Phytochemistry, in silico docking, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. South African Journal of Botany, 143, 410-417.
- Baydar, N. G., & Akkurt, M. (2001). Oil content and oil quality properties of some grape seeds. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 25, 163-168.
- Breksa, A.P., Takeoka, G.R., Hidalgo, M.B., Vilches, A., Vasse, J., & Ramming, D.W. (2010). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of 16 raisin grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars and selections. Food Chemistry, 121(3), 740-745.
- Burcova, Z., Kreps, F., Schmidt, S., Strizincova, P., Jablonsky, M., Kyselka, J., Haz, A., & Surina, I. (2019). Antioxidant activity and the tocopherol and phenol contents of grape residues. BioResources, 14, 4146-4156.
- Çelik, H., Çelik, S., Marasalı Kunter, B., Söylemezoğlu, G., Boz, Y., Özer, C., & Atak, A. (2005). Bağcılıkta gelişme ve üretim hedefleri. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği IV. Teknik Kongresi, (s. 565-588), 3-7 Ocak, Ankara, Türkiye.
- Duran, Z. (2014). Malatya ve Elazığ illerinde yetiştirilen bazı üzüm çeşitlerinin organik asit, şeker ve fenolik madde bilesikleri ile antioksidan aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İnönü Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Malatya.
- Fernandes, L., Casal, S., Cruz, R., Pereira, J. A., & Ramalhosa, E. (2013). Seed oils of ten traditional portuguese grape varieties with ınteresting chemical and antioxidant properties. Food Research International, 50, 161-166.
- Göktürk Baydar, N., Özkan G., & Yaşar S. (2007). Evaluation of the antiradical and antioxidant potential of grape extracts. Food Control, 18, 1131-1136.
- Karadeniz, F., Durst, R. W., & Wrolstad, R. E. (2000). Polyphenolic composition of raisins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(11), 5343-5350.
- Kelebek, H., Jourdes, M., Selli, S., & Teissedre, P. L. (2013). Comparative evaluation of the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of sun-dried raisins. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(12), 2963-2972.
- Kok, D. (2020). Response of grape quality characteristics of some table grape varieties (V. vinifera L.) grown in Northwestern Turkey to heat summation index and latitude-temperature index. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 62, 17-23.
- Kök, D., & Bal, E. (2017). Compositional differences in phenolic compounds and anthocyanin contents of some table and wine grape (V. vinifera L.) varieties from Turkey. Oxidation Communications, 40(2), 648-656.
- Meng, J., Fang, Y., Zhang, A., Chen, S., Xu, T., Ren, Z., & Wang, H. (2011). Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of chinese raisins produced in Xinjiang province. Food Research International, 44(9), 2830-2836.
- Mizzi, L., Chatzitzika, C., Gatt, R., & Valdramidis, V. (2020). HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids with overlapping peaks. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 58(1), 12-19.
- Negro, C., Tommasi, L., & Miceli A. (2003). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from red grape marc extracts. Bioresource Technology, 87, 41-44.
- Nychas, G. J. E., Tassou, C. C., & Skandamis, P. (2003). Making the Most of Herbs, Spices and Their Active Components. In: S. Roller (Ed.). Natural antimicrobials for the minimal processing of foods (pp. 176-200).
- Öz, V. (2018). Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi çekirdekli kuru üzümlerin bazı fitokimyasal özelliklerin belirlenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Dicle Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Diyarbakır.
- Ribereau-Gayon, P., Dubourdieu, D., Doneche, B., & Lonvaud, A. (2006). The chemistry of wine stabilization and treatments. England, Ltd, England: John Wiley&Son.
- Sanchez, C.M. (2006). Polyphenolic fractions from wine by-products as potential antitumoral and/or protective agents against UV damage (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Universidad De Barcelona, Instituto De Investigaciones Químicas Y Ambientales De Barcelona-Csıc.
- Sarıçam, A. (2014). Üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktlarının antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Sakarya Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
- Scheerens, J. C. (2001). Phytochemicals and the consumers: Factors affecting fruit and vegetable consumption and the potential for increasing small fruit in the diet. Horttech, 11, 547-556.
- Şimşek, A., Artık, N., & Başpınar, E. (2004). Detection of raisin concentrate (pekmez) adulteration by regression analysis method. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 17, 155-163.
- Terra, X., Valls, J., Vitrac, X., Merrillon, Jm., Arola, L., Ardevol, A., Blade, C., Fernandez-Larrea, J., Pujadas, G., Salvado, J., & Blay, M. (2007). Grape-seed procyanidins act as antiinflammatory agents in endotoxin-stimulated raw 264.7 macrophages by inhibiting Nfkb signaling pathway. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(11), 4357-4365.
- Topalovic, A., Godjevac, D., Perovic, N., & Trifunovic, S. (2012). Comparative study of the phenolic composition of seeds from grapes cv Cardinal and Alphonse Lavallee during last month of ripening. Italian Journal of Food Science, 24, 159-166.
- Torres, J. L., Varela, B., Garcia, M. T., Carilla, J., Matito,C., Centelles, J. J., Cascante, M., Sort, X., & Bobet, R. L. (2002). Valorization of grape (Vitis Vinifera) byproducts, antioxidant and biological properties of polyphenolic fractions differing in procyanidin composition and flavonol content. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 7548-7555.
- TÜİK, (2022). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri Veri Tabanı. Retrieved from:https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr.
- Ucan Turkmen, F., & Mercimek Takci, H. A. (2018). Ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-B lights effect on black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus) juice. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 12, 1038-1046.
- Ucan Turkmen, F., Mercimek Takci, H. A., & Sarigullu Onalan, F. E. (2020). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of sour cherry stalk extracts by in vitro methods. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 290-301.
- Ucan Turkmen, F., Sarigullu Onalan, F. E., & Mercimek Takci, H. A. (2021). Antioxidant activities of pomegranate peel methanolic and water extracts by in vitro methods. Natural Science and Discovery, 4(1), 1-6.
- Ucan Türkmen, F., Sarıgüllü Önalan, F. E., & Mercimek Takci, H. A. (2022). Nar kabuklarının su ve metanol ekstraktlarının antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 11(2), 363-372.
- Wang, X., Tong, H., Chen, F., & Gangemi, J. D. (2010). Chemical characterization and antioxidant evaluation of Muscadine grape pomace extract. Food Chemistry, 123, 1156-1162.
- Williams, C. A., & Grayer, R. J. (2004). Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Natural Product Reports, 21(4), 539-573.
- Williamson, G., & Carughi, A. (2010). Polyphenol content and health benefits of raisins. Nutrition Research, 30(8), 511-519.
- Yalçın, H., Sağdıç, O., Ekici, L., & Kavuncuoğlu, H. (2013). Ülkemizde işlenmiş üzümlerin çekirdek yağlarının yemeklik yağ kalitesinin belirlenmesi ve çekirdek ekstraktı ve yağının bazı yemeklik yağların stabilitesine etkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi, Proje No: FBA-10-2960, 37 s.
- Zengin, G., Sarikurkcu, C., Aktumsek, A., Ceylan, R., & Ceylan, O. (2014). A comprehensive study on phytochemical characterization of Haplophyllum myrtifolium Boiss. endemic to Turkey and its inhibitory potential against key enzymes ınvolved in alzheimer, skin diseases and type II diabetes. Industrial Crops and Products, 53, 244-251.