Gelir Düzeyinin İlköğretim Öğrencilerinin Besin Tercihlerine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 22 - 38, 05.06.2015

Damla Gümüş , Mevlüde Kızıl Derya Dikmen , Fatih Uyar

Öz

AMAÇ: Bu çalışma, gelir düzeyi farklılıklarının besin seçimlerine etkisini saptamak amacıyla planlanmış; bu kapsamda ailelerin gelir düzeylerinin, öğrencilerin okul kantinlerinden aldıkları besinlerin çeşitlerine etkisi incelenmiştir.

GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Çalışmanın örneklemini Ankara İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı okullardan rastgele seçilen farklı ilköğretim okullarına devam eden, yaşları 13-15 arasında değişen 1429 öğrenci (%47.8 erkek, %52.2 kız) oluşturmuştur. Öğrencilerin vücut ağırlığı ve boy uzunluğu ölçümleri alınmış, buna göre Beden Kütle İndeksleri (BKİ) hesaplanmıştır. Öğrencilerle ilgili kişisel bilgiler, demografik özellikler ve besin tercihleri yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi ile anket formu uygulanarak elde edilmiştir. Bulguların istatistiksel değerlendirilmesinde SPSS 22.0 istatistik paket programı kullanılmıştır.

BULGULAR: Çalışmaya katılan öğrencilerin ailelerinin %21.1’inin gelir düzeyi 1000 TL’nin altında, %24’ünün 1001-2000 TL arasında, %23.2’sinin 2001-3000 TL arasında, %19.6’sının 3001-5000 TL arasında, %12.1’inin 5001 TL ve üzerinde olduğu görülmüştür. Öğrencilerin okul kantinlerinden aldıkları besinler incelendiğinde; ailelerinin gelir düzeyleri arttıkça hamburger, pizza gibi hızlı hazır yemekleri tercih sıklıklarının arttığı görülmüştür (p<0.05). Ailelerin gelir düzeyleri ile öğrencilerin okul kantinlerinden süt (sade, kakaolu, meyveli) alımı arasında ilişki saptanmış; gelir düzeyi arttıkça öğrencilerin süt ürünlerini tercih sıklığının arttığı görülmüştür (p<0.05). Okul kantinlerinde satılan bisküvi, kraker gibi atıştırmalıkların tercih sıklığı, öğrencilerin ailelerinin gelir düzeyleri arttıkça düşmektedir (p<0.05). Öğrencilerin ailelerinin gelir düzeyleri ile kuruyemiş, cips, şeker, tatlı, çikolata, meyve suyu, çay, kahve tercihleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p>0.05).

SONUÇ: Gelir düzeyi, öğrencilerin okul kantinlerinden satın aldıkları besinleri etkileyebilmektedir. Öğrenciler, okul kantinlerinden sağlıklı besin seçimleri yapabilmeleri için yeterli ve dengeli beslenme konusunda bilinçlendirilmeli; okul kantinlerinde sağlıklı besinlerin yer alması sağlanmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

gelir düzeyi, beslenme, besin tercihi

Evaluation of the Effect of Income Level on Food Choices of Elementary School Students

Öz

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of income levels on students' food choices.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on randomly selected 1429 students (47.8% boys, 52.2% girls) aged between 13-15 years in different elementary schools under the Provincial National Education Directorate of Ankara. Students' anthropometric measurements such as body weight, height were measured and according to these data, Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Personal information of subjects, demographic status and food choices were obtained by a questionnaire using face to face interview. The results were evaluated statistically by using SPSS 22.0 statistical package program.

RESULTS: Income levels of students' parents below 1000 TL were 21.1% , between 1001-2000 were 24% , between 2001-3000 TL were 23.3% , between 3001-5000 TL were 19.6%, 5001 TL and above were 12.1%. Students' food choices in school canteens were investigated and it was found that fast food choice frequency of students increased as their parents' income levels increase (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between parents' income levels and milk (plain, chocolate, fruit) choices of students (p<0.05). Frequency of snacks choices (such as biscuits and crackers) decreased as income levels of parents' increase. No significant difference was observed between nuts, chips, candy, sweet, chocolate, fruit juice, tea, coffee choices and income levels (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Income level effects food choices of students in school canteens. Students should be informed about adequate and balanced nutrition in order to make healthy food choices and healthy food alternatives should be provided in school canteens

Anahtar Kelimeler

income level, nutrition, food choice

Kaynakça

• Ahmadi, N., Black, J. L., Velazquez, C. E., Chapman, G. E., ve Veenstra, G. (2014). Associations between socio-economic status and school-day dietary intake in a sample of grade 5–8 students in Vancouver, Canada. Public Health Nutrition, 18(5), 764-773.
• Arcan, C., Kubik, M.Y., Fulkerson, J.A., Davey, C. ve Story, M. (2011). Association between food opportunities during the school day and selected dietary behaviors of students attending alternative high schools. Preventing Chronic Disease, 8(1) ,8.
• Attorp, A., Scott, J. E., Yew, A. C., Rhodes, R. E., Barr, S. I., ve Naylor, P. J. (2014). Associations between socioeconomic, parental and home environment factors and fruit and vegetable consumption of children in grades five and six in British Columbia, Canada. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 150.
• Baysal, A. (2002). Genel Beslenme (9. Baskı). Ankara : Hatiboğlu Yayınevi.
• Bermudez, O. I., ve Tucker, K. L. (2003). Trends in dietary patterns of Latin American populations. Cadernos Saude Publica, 19(1), 87–99.
• Blouza-Chabchoub, S., Rached-Amrouche, C. ve Jamoussi, O. (2006) Frequency and risk factors of obesity in Tunisian adolescents. La Tunisie Medicale, 84(11), 714–716.
• Briefel, R.R., Wilson, A. ve Gleason, P.M. (2009) Consumption of low-nutrient, energy-dense foods and beverages at school, home, and other locations among school lunch participants and nonparticipants. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2), 79–90.
• Cassady, D., Vogt, R., Oto-Kent, D., Mosley, R. ve Lincoln R. (2006). The power of policy: a case study of healthy eating among children. American Journal of Public Health, 96(9), 1570-1571.
• Cohen, J.F.W., Smit, L.A. ve Parker, E. (2012). Long-term impact of a chef on school lunch consumption: findings from a 2-year pilot study in Boston middle schools. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetic, 112(6), 927-933.
• Cohen, J.F., Richardson, S., Austin, S.B., Economos, C.D. ve Rimm, E.B. (2013). School lunch waste among middle school students: nutrients consumed and costs. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(2), 114-121.
• Contento, I., Williams, S., Michela, J.ve Franklin, B. (2006). Understanding the Food Choice Proces of Adolescents in the Context of Family and Friends. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(5), 575-582.
• Demory-Luce, D., Morales, M. ve Nicklas, T. (2004) Changes in food group consumption patterns from childhood to young adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104(11), 1684–1691.
• Deshmukh-Taskar, P.R., Nicklas, T.A. ve O’Neil, C.E. (2010) The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumption with nutrient intake and weight status in children and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110(6), 869–878.
• Du, S., Mroz, T. A., Zhai, F., ve Popkin, B. M. (2004). Rapid income growth adversely affects diet quality in Chinaparticularly for the poor Social Science & Medicine, 59(7), 1505– 1515.
• Fox, M. K., Dodd, A. H., Wilson, A., ve Gleason, P. M. (2009). Association between school food environment and practices and body mass index of US public school children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2), 108-117.
• Garriguet, D. (2007). Canadians' eating habits. Health Reports, 18(2), 17-32.
• Goyal, R.K., Shah, V.N. ve Saboo, B.D. (2010) Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Indian adolescent school going children: its relationship with socioeconomic status and associated lifestyle factors. Journal of the Association of Physicians India, 58, 151–158.
• Grow, H.M., Cook, A.J. ve Arterburn, D.E. (2010) Child obesity associated with social disadvantage of children’s neighborhoods. Social Science & Medicine, 71(3), 584–591.
• Harris, J.L. ve Graff, S.K. (2011). Protecting children from harmful food marketing: options for local government to make a difference. Preventing Chronic Disease, 8(5), 92.
• Kain, J., Vio, F., ve Albala, C. (2003). Obesity trends and determinant factors in Latin America. Cadernos Saude Publica, 19, 77–86.
• Kanbur, N.O., Derman, O. ve Kınık, E. (2002). Prevalence of obesity in adolescents and the impact of sexual maturation stage on body mass index in obese adolescents. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 14(1), 61-66.
• Kang, M. H., Choi, M. K. ve Kim, M. H. (2011). Evaluation of energy and nutrient intake as well as dietary behaviors in elementary school and middle school students residing in Chungnam according to breakfast eating status. Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association, 17(1), 18-31.
• Katz, D.L., O’Connell, M., Njike, V.Y., Yeh, M.C. ve Nawaz, H. (2008). Strategies for the prevention and control of obesity in the school setting: systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity, 32(12), 1780-1789.
• Katz, D. L. (2009). School-based interventions for health promotion and weight control: not just waiting on the world to change. Annual Review of Public Health, 30, 253-272.
• Klerk Dötsch, M. ve Jansen, L. (2008). The Choises Programme: A Simple, Front of-Pack Stamp Making Healthy Choices Easy Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 17(1), 383- 386.
• Köksal, E. (2006, Nisan). Türkiye’de Okul Çağı Çocuklarda Beslenme, Sağlık Durumu ve Uygulamalar. Sözel Bildiri. V. Uluslar Arası Beslenme ve Diyetetik Kongresi, Ankara.
• Maruapula, S. D., Jackson, J. C., Holsten, J., Shaibu, S., Malete, L., Wrotniak, B., ve diğerleri. (2011). Socio-economic status and urbanization are linked to snacks and obesity in adolescents in Botswana. Public Health Nutrition, 14(12), 2260-2267.
• Piernas, C. ve Popkin, B.M. (2010). Trends in snacking among U.S. children. Health Affairs, 29(3), 398–404.
• Rampersaud, G.C., Pereira, M.A. ve Girard, B.L. (2005) Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight and academic performance in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Diet Association, 105(5), 743–760.
• Reedy, J. ve Krebs-Smith, S.M. (2010). Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States. Journal of the American Diet Association, 110(10), 1477–1484.
• Reddy, S.P., Resnicow, K. ve James, S. (2008) Underweight, overweight and obesity among South African adolescents: results of the 2002 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Public Health Nutrition, 12(2), 203–207.
• Rosander, U., Rumpunen, K., Lindmark-Månsson, H., Paulsson, M., Gullberg, B. ve Holm, I. (2013). Nutrient Content of Consumed Elementary School Lunches: A Pilot Study from Sweden. Journal of Child Nutrition & Management, 37(2).
• Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Araştırmaları Genel Müdürlüğü, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü, Ankara Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi. Türkiye Beslenme ve Sağlık Araştırması 2010: Beslenme Durumu ve Alışkanlıklarının Değerlendirilmesi Sonuç Raporu. (2014) Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 931, Ankara.
• Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü (2004), Türkiye’ye Özgü Beslenme Rehberi.
• http://beslenme.gov.tr/content/files/yayinlar/kitaplar/diger_kitaplar/beslenme_rehberi.pdf
• adresinden elde edildi.
• Salazar-Martinez, E., Allen, B. ve Fernandez-Ortega, C. (2007). Overweight and obesity statistics among adolescents from Mexico and Egypt. Archives of Medical Research, 37(4), 535–542.
• Shaya, F.T., Flores, D., Gbarayor, C.M. ve Wang, J. (2008). School-based obesity interventions: a literature review. Journal of School Health, 78(4), 189-196.
• Story, M., Nanney, M.S. ve Schwartz, M.B. (2009). Schools and obesity prevention: creating school environments and policies to promote healthy eating and physical activity. Milbank Quarterly, 87(1), 71–100.
• Şanlıer, N., Güler, A. (2005). İlköğretim İkinci Kademesinde Eğitim Gören Öğrencilere Verilen Beslenme Eğitiminin Öğrencilerin Beslenme Bilgi Düzeyi ve Alışkanlıklarına Etkisi, Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 32(2), 31-38.
• Şimsek, F., Ulukol, B., Berberoğlu, M., Gülnar, S., Öcal, G. (2005). Ankarada bir ilkögretim okulu ve lisede obezite sıklığı. Ankara Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi Mecmuasi, 58(4), 163-166.
• Timlin, M.T., Pereira, M.A. ve Story, M. (2008) Breakfast eating and weight change in a 5- year prospective analysis of adolescents: Project Eating Among Teens. Pediatrics, 121(3), 638–645.
• Uçkun, A, Teziç, T., Fırat, S. (2004). Obezity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based study of adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism; 17(12), 1633- 1640.
• Ullmann, S.H., Buttenheim, A.M. ve Goldman, N.(2010) Socioeconomic differences in obesity among Mexican adolescents. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 6(2), 373- 380.
• Uskun, E., Öztürk, M., Kişioğlu, A. N., Kırbıyık, S., Demirel, R. (2005). İlköğretim öğrencilerinde obezite gelişimini etkileyen risk faktörleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 19-25.
• Voorhees, C.C., Catellier, D.J. ve Ashwood, J.S. (2009) Neighborhood socioeconomic status and non school physical activity and body mass index in adolescent girls. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 6(6), 731–740.
• Wang, Y., Liang, H., Tussing, L., Braunschweig, C., Caballero, B. Ve Flay, B. (2007). Obesity and related risk factors among low socio-economic status minority students in Chicago. Public Health Nutrition, 10(9), 927-938.
• Wang, Y.C., Bleich, S.N. ve Gortmaker, S.L. (2008). Increasing caloric contribution from sugarsweetened beverages and 100% fruit juices among US children and adolescents, 1988– 2004. Pediatrics, 121(6), 1604–1614.
• WHO (2007). Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group.
• http://www.who.int/childgrowth/mgrs/fnu/en/ adresinden elde edildi.
• Williams, B.M., O’Neil, C.E. ve Deast, D.R. (2008). Are breakfast consumption patterns associated with weight status and nutrient adequacy in African-American children? Public Health Nutrition, 12(4), 489–496.
• Williams, C. (2010). Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Children’s Dietary Intakes. www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2010/DGAC/Report/Resource1
• Children.pdf. Erişim: 4 Haziran 2013.