HUBRIS AND EXCESSIVE POSITIVITY IN LEADERSHIP: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Yıl 2020, , 295 - 309, 19.10.2020

Ülkühan Bike Esen

https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.648961

Cited By: 4

Öz

It is stated
that leadership medallion has two sides. While there exists success,
self-confidence, positivity and enthusiasm on the shiny side, the other side
consists of hubris, overpride and sneer. When mentioning of bad leadership, it
is often considered the features on the dark side. However, it is not possible
to classify a leader as a good or bad leader, only by looking at the meaning of
a trait. Hubristic leaders and prozac leaders are examples. Hubristic
leadership emerges as the result of the increasing success and self-confidence
of the leaders, they are caught in hubris syndrome. Prozac leadership, on the
other hand, is the inability of the leader to foresee impending dangers as a
result of his over-positivity. Therefore, self-confidence and positivity can
have negative consequences in these two types of leadership. The aim of the
study is to cover these types of leadership in a comprehensive way and to
contribute to Turkish literature which is very limited through conceptual
analysis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hubris, Power Poisoning, Hubristic Leadership, Prozac Leadership

LİDERLİKTE KİBİR VE AŞIRI POZİTİFLİK: BİR LİTERATÜR İNCELEMESİ

Öz

Liderlik
madalyonunun iki yüzü olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Sürekli parlayan yüzünde,
başarı, özgüven, pozitiflik ve istek yer alırken; diğer yüzünde, kibir, aşırı
gurur ve küçümseme bulunmaktadır. Kötü liderlikten bahsedilirken, genellikle,
karanlık yüzdeki özellikler sayılmaktadır. Ancak, bir özelliğin sadece anlamına
bakılarak, bir liderin iyi veya kötü lider olarak sınıflandırılması mümkün
değildir. Hubristik liderler ve prozac liderler bu duruma örnektir.  Hubristik liderlik, liderlerin zamanla artan
başarılarının ve özgüvenlerinin sonucunda, hubris sendromuna kapılmaları ile
ortaya çıkmaktadır. Prozac liderlik ise, liderin aşırı pozitifliği sonucunda,
yaklaşan tehlikeleri öngörememesidir. Dolayısıyla, özgüven ve pozitiflik,
olumsuz sonuçlar doğurarak, bu iki liderlik türünün ortaya çıkmasına neden
olabilmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı da, zararları çok büyük boyutlara ulaşabilecek
bu liderlik türlerini kapsamlı olarak ele almak ve yapılan kavramsal inceleme
ile sınırlı sayıda yayın bulunan Türkçe yazına katkıda bulunmaktır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kibir, Güç Zehirlenmesi, Hubristik Liderlik, Prozac Liderlik

Kaynakça

• Adair, J. (2012). Patronlar değil liderler, 4. Baskı, Çev. G. Doğancalı, İstanbul: Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı.
• Avey, J., Avolio, B. J. & Luthans, F. (2011). Experimentally analyzing the ımpact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 282–294. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004
• Barber, B. M. & Odean, T. (2001). Boys will be boys: gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 261-292.
• Barling, J., Cloutier, A. (2016). Leaders’ mental health at work: empirical, methodological, and policy directions. Journal of occupational health psychology, advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/ocp0000055
• Bhandari, G. & Deaves, R. (2006). The demographics of overconfidence, Journal of Behavioral Finance, 7(1), 5-11.
• Bürkner, H.-P. (2013). “Fighting Corporate Hubris”. The Boston Consulting Group, Perspectives, ss.1-6. http://img-stg.bcg.com/Fighting_Corporate_Hubris_June_2013_tcm9-97860.pdf
• Cameron, K. (2008). Positive leadership strategies for extraordinary performance, California: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
• Cameron, K. (2016). Pozitif liderlik uygulamaları olağanüstü sonuçlar yaratan alıştırmalar ve yöntemler. Çev. T. Çekinirer. İstanbul: Arıtan Yayınevi.
• Cameron, K., Mora, C., Leutscher, T. & Calarco, M. (2011). Effects of Positive Practices on Organizational Effectiveness. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(3), 266-308.
• Carver, C. & Johnson, S. (2010). Authentic and hubristic pride: differential relations to aspects of goal regulation, affect, and self-control. J Res Pers., 44(6), 698-703. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.09.004.
• Claxton G., Owen, D. & Sadler-Smith, E. (2015). Hubris in leadership: a peril of unbridled ıntuition?, Leadership, 11(1), 57-78. doi:10.1177/1742715013511482
• Cole, M. S., Bruch, H. & Vogel, B. (2012). Energy at work: a measurement validation and linkage to unit effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 445–467. doi:10.1002/job.759
• Collins, J. (2009). How the mighty fall and why some companies never give in. New York: HarperCollins.
• Collinson, D. (2012). Prozac leadership and the limits of positive thinking. Leadership, 8(2), 87–107. doi:10.1177/1742715011434738
• Dahlbom, L., Jakobsson, A., Jakobsson, N. & Kotsadam, A. (2011). Gender and overconfidence: Are girls really overconfident?. Applied economics letters, 18(4), 325–327. doi:10.1080/13504851003670668
• Fineman, S. (2006). On being positive: Concerns and counterpoints. The Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 270-291.
• Furnham, A. (2018). Management failure and derailment. The Leadership Hubris Epidemic Biological Roots and Strategies for Prevention, (Ed: Peter Garrard), Palgrave Macmillan: Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57255-0
• Garrard, P., Rentoumi, V., Lambert, C. & Owen, D. (2014). Linguistic biomarkers of hubris syndrome. Cortex, 5, 167-81. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.08.014.
• Geers, A. & Laasiter, G. D. (2002). Effects of affective expectations on affective experience: the moderating role of optimism-pessimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(8), 1026-1039. doi:10.1177/01461672022811002
• Ghaemi, N. (2017). Birinci sınıf delilik (5. Baskı, (Çev.: Y. Alogan), İstanbul: İthaki.
• Gibson, B. & Sanbonmatsu, D. M. (2004). “Optimism, pessimism, and gambling: the downside of optimism”, PSPB, 29(X), 1-12. doi: 10.1177/0146167203259929
• Hayward, M. L. A. & Hambrick, D. C. (1997). Explaining the premiums paid for large acquisitions: evidence of ceo hubris. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1), 103-127. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2393810
• Hayward, M. L. A., Shepherd, D. A. & Griffin, D. (2006). A hubris theory of entrepreneurship. Management Science, 52(2), 160-172. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1050.0483
• Higgs, M. (2009). The good, the bad and the ugly: leadership and narcissism. Journal of Change Management, 9(2), 165–178. doi:10.1080/14697010902879111
• Hiller, N. J. & Hambrick, D. C. (2005). “Conceptualizing Executive Hubris: The Role Of (Hyper-)Core Self-Evaluations In Strategic Decision-Making”, Strategic Management Journal, 26, 297–319. doi:10.1002/smj.455
• Hmieleski, K. M. & Baron, R. A. (2009). “Entrepreneurs’ Optimism And New Venture Performance: A Social Cognitive Perspective”, Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 473–488
• Hogan J., Hogan R. & Kaiser, R. B. (2010). “Management Derailment: Personality Assessment And Mitigation”, American Psychological Association Handbook of Industrial And Organizational Psychology, (Ed. S. Zedeck), American Psychological Association, Washington.
• Hollow, M. (2014). “The 1920 Farrow's Bank Failure: A Case of Managerial Hubris?”, Journal of management history, 20(2), 1-16. doi:10.1108/JMH-11-2012-0071
• Hribar, P. & Yang, H. (2016). “CEO Overconfidence And Management Forecasting”, Contemporary Accounting Research, 33(1), 204–227. doi:10.1111/1911-3846.12144
• Hyde, G. (2018). “Influential Partnerships—A Possible Role For A Modern-Day Court Jester”, The leadership hubris epidemic biological roots and strategies for prevention, (Ed. P. Garrard), Palgrave Macmillan, Switzerland. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-57255-0
• Icekson, T., Roskes, M. & Moran, S. (2014). “Effects of optimism on creativity under approach and avoidance motivation”, Mini Review Article, 8, 1-6. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00105
• Jakovljević, M. (2011). “Hubris Syndrome And A New Perspective on Political Psychiatry: Need To Protect Prosocial Behavior, Public Benefit And Safety of Our Civilisation”, Psychiatria danubina, 23(2), 136–138. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21685850
• Judge, A. T., Piccolo R. F. & Kosalka, T. (2009). “The Bright And Dark Sides of Leader Traits: A Review And Theoretical Extension of The Leader Trait Paradigm”, The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 855–875. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.09.004
• Kerfoot, K. M. (2010). “Leaders, Self-Confidence, And Hubris: What's The Difference?”, ANNA Update, 40(6), 37-38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21158259
• Li, J. & Tang, Y. (2010). “CEO Hubris And Firm Risk Taking in China: The Moderating Role of Managerial Discretion”, Academy Of Management Journal, 53(1), 45–68. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2010.4803691
• Malmendier, U. & Tate, G. (2009). “Does Overconfidence Affect Corporate Investment? Ceo Overconfidence Measures Revisited”. European Financial Management, 11(5), 649–659. doi:10.1111/j.1354-7798.2005.00302.x
• Maxwell, J. (2018). Liderlik Yasaları, Beyaz Yayınları: İstanbul.
• Nahavandi, A. (2014). The art and science of leadership. US: Pearson.
• Nel, T., Stander, M. W. & Latif, J. (2015). “Investigating Positive Leadership, Psychological Empowerment, Work Engagement And Satisfaction With Life in A Chemical Industry”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/SA Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde, 41(1), 1-13. Doi:10.4102/sajip.v41i1.1243
• Niyogi, S. (2017). “Impact of Optimism on Leadership Effectiveness: A Review of Literature”, International Journal of Management, 8 (6), 1–8.
• Otazo, K. (2018). “Preventing And Curing Hubris in Leaders”, The Leadership Hubris Epidemic Biological Roots And Strategies For Prevention (Ed. P. Garrard), Palgrave Macmillan, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57255-0
• Owen, D. (2006). “Hubris And Nemesis in Heads of Government”, Journal of The Royal Society of Medicine, 99, 548-551. doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.11.548
• Owen, D. (2018). “Heads of Government, ‘Toe-Holders’and Time Limits”, The Leadership Hubris Epidemic Biological Roots And Strategies For Prevention (Ed. P. Garrard), Palgrave Macmillan, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57255-0
• Owen, D. & Davidson, J. (2009). “Hubris Syndrome: An Acquired Personality Disorder? A Study of US Presidents and UK Prime Ministers Over the last 100 years”, Brain, 132(5), 1396–1406. doi:10.1093/brain/awp008
• Petit, V. & Bollaert, H. (2012). “Flying too Close to the sun? Hubris Among CEOs and How to Prevent it”, Journal of business ethics, 108(3), 265-283. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1097-1
• Picone P. M., Dagnino, G. B. & Mina, A. (2014). “The Origin of Failure: A Multidisciplinary Appraisal of The Hubris Hypothesis And Proposed Research Agenda”, The Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(4), 447–468. doi:10.5465/amp.2012.0177
• Roll, R. (1986). “The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers”, Journal of Business, 59, 197–216. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2353017
• Ronfeldt, D. “Beware The Hubris-Nemesis Complex A Concept For Leadership Analysis”. National security research division, RAND, ISBN: 0-8330-1578-8 https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2005/ MR461.pdf
• Roux-Dufort, C.; Metais, E. (1999). Building core competencies in crisis management through organizational learning the case of the french nuclear power producer. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 113–127. PII S0040-1625(98)00033-X
• Russell, G. (2011). “Psychiatry And Politicians: The ‘Hubris Syndrome”, The Psychiatrist, 35, 140–145. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.110.031575
• Sadler-Smith, E., Akstinaite, V., Robinson, G. & Wray, T. (2017). “Hubristic Leadership: A Review”, Leadership, 13(5), 525–548. doi:10.1177/1742715016680666
• Schaubroeck, J., Walumbwa, F. O., Ganster, D. C. & Kepes, S. (2007). “Destructive Leader Traits And The Neutralizing Influence of An “Enriched” Job”, The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 236–251. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.006
• See, K. E., Morrison, E. W., Rothman, N. B. & Soll, J. B. (2011). “The Detrimental Effects of Power on Confidence, Advice Taking, And Accuracy”, Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes, 116, 272–285. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.07.006
• Seligman, M. E. P. & Schulman, P. (1986).” Explanatory style as a predictor of productivity and quitting among life insurance agents”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 832-838.
• Shepperd, J. A., Klein, W. M. P., Waters, E. A. & Weinstein, N. D. (2013). “Taking Stock of Unrealistic Optimism “, Perspect Psychol Sci., 8(4), 395–411. doi:10.1177/1745691613485247.
• Shipman, A. S. & Mumford, M. D. (2011). “When confidence is detrimental: Influence of overconfidence on leadership effectiveness”, The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 649–665. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.05.006
• Sutton, R. (2009). “How to be a Good Boss in a Bad Economy”, Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2009/06/how-to-be-a-goodboss-in-a-bad-economy/ar/1
• Spirrison, C. L. & Gordy, C. C. (1993). “The Constructive Thinking Inventory And Detecting Errors in Proofreading”, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 631-634.
• Tourish, D. (2018). “Dysfunctional Leadership in Corporations”, The Leadership Hubris Epidemic Biological Roots And Strategies For Prevention, (Ed. P. Garrard), Palgrave Macmillan, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57255-0
• Uysal, Ş. A. & Çelik, R. (2016). “Yöneticilerde Hubristik Davranışlara Dair Nitel Bir Araştırma”, Eurasian Academy of Sciences Social Sciences Journal, 1(1), 274-285. doi:10.17740/eas.soc.2016.MSEMP-23
• Uysal, Ş. A. & Çelik, R. (2018).” Sağlık Meslek Gruplarında Hubris Sendromunun Varlığına İlişkin Keşfedici Bir Çalışma”, International Journal of Economic And Administrative Studies, 17. UİK Özel Sayısı, 103-118.
• VPSC, Victorian Public Sector Commission (2015). How Positive Is Your Work Environment?. https://vpsc.vic.gov.au
• Wijewardena, N., Samaratunge, R. & Härtel, C. (2014). “Creating Better Employees through Positive Leadership Behavior in the Public Sector”, International Journal of Public Administration, 37(5), 288-298. doi:10.1080/01900692.2013.835320
• Youssef, C. M. & Luthans, F. (2007). “Positive Organizational Behavior in the Workplace: The Impact of Hope, Optimism and Resiliency”, Journal of Management, 33, 774-800. doi:10.1177/0149206307305562