Açık-Yeşil Alanlarda Bir Mimari Yapıt: Pavilion Yapılar

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 22, 22 - 43, 31.12.2020

Ali Can Kuzulugil , Başak Aytatlı , Nalan Demircioğlu Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.16950/iujad.702613

Öz

Teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte kentlerin görünümleri değişmektedir. Kent insanının rekreasyonel ihtiyaçlarına cevap veren açık yeşil alanlarda kullanılan kent donatılarının gelişmesi, kentlerin görünüşünde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Kentlerde kullanılan kent mobilyaları insanların ihtiyaçlarını karşılarken, aynı zamanda da kent kimliğini vurgulamaktadır. Peyzaj mimarlığı meslek disiplini, doğal ve kültürel peyzaj elemanlarını oluştururken, koruma ve kullanma dengesini düşünerek, tasarım ilkelerine uygun, ekolojik, estetik, ekonomik ve işlevsellik parametrelerini yansıtan ürünler ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmada kentsel mobilyalar içerisinde önemli yere sahip, pavilion yapıların geçmişten günümüze kadar geçirmiş olduğu süreç ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre; pavilion yapıları, estetik, fonksiyonel ve hafif mimari yapılar olarak, fuar/eğlence, açık hava etkinlikleri, konserler ve birçok açık alan rekreasyonel faaliyetlerinde kullanılmaktadır. Fonksiyonelliğin dışında pavilion yapıları estetik değerleri ile tasarımcısının ve bulunduğu ülkenin de özgün değerlerini taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada kentsel peyzaj alanlarında hem aktif kullanılabilen hem de estetik yapısıyla sanatsal obje olarak değerlendiren ve bu yönüyle diğer kentsel donatılardan ayrılan pavilionların yapım malzemesi, yeri ve yapım şekline göre göstermiş olduğu farklılıklar dünya ve Türkiye örnekleri ile açıklanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin gelişmekte olan kentsel donatı endüstrisinin de gelişimine katkı sağlanacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pavyon/pavilion yapılar, Hafif mimari yapılar, , Yapı bilgisi, Peyzaj Konstrüksiyonu

Kaynakça

• Akyol Altun, D. (2003). Dünya fuarlarının/expoların mimari değerlendirmesi: Türk pavilionları (Doctoral dissertation, DEÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• Akyol, E. (2006). Kent Mobilyaları Tasarım ve Kullanım Süreci (Doctoral dissertation, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• Anonim-1 https://www.britannica.com/art/pavilion-architecture Erişim tarihi: 08.05.2019 Erişim saati:19:34
• Anonim-2 http://buildyourownpavilion.serpentinegalleries.org/what-is-a-pavilion/ Erişim tarihi: 03.05.2019 Erişim saati:11:25
• Anonim-3 https://www.penndutchstructures.com/outdoor-shade-structures/ Erişim tarihi: 18.05.2019 Erişim saati:20:30
• Anonim-4 http://www.palandscapegroup.com/pergola-covered-structure-pavilion-know-right/ 18.05.2019 Erişim saati:20:30
• Anonim-5 https://www.naturallandscapegroup.com/blog/the-difference-between-an-arbor-pergola-cabana-and-pavilion/ 18.05.2019 Erişim saati:21:00
• Anonim-6 Inexhibit, 2014. http://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/serpentine-galleries-pavilions-history/ 18.05.2019 Erişim saati:20:30
• Avinç, G. M., & Selçuk, S. A. (2019). Mimari Tasarımda Biyomimetik Yaklaşımlar: Pavilionlar Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Online Journal of Art and Design, 7(2).
• Chambers, W. (1773). A Dissertation on OrientalGardening, London, W. Griffn,
• Demircioğlu Yildiz N., Cengiz G., (2016). "Kış Kentlerinde Pavilion Yapıları Ve Açık Alan Tasarımı", Uluslararası Kış Kentleri Sempozyumu, , pp.605-62
• Dezeen, (2015). http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/20/movie-serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2000-zahahadid-julia-peyton-jones/
• Dönmez, B. (2015). Deneysel Mimarlık üzerine bir okuma denemesi: Serpentıne Galeri Pavilionları Mimarlık Anabilim dalı yüksek lisans tezi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gazi Üniversitesi
• Drew, P. (2006). A Conundrum In Time: Medieval and Modern Pavilions, Architectural Theory Review, 11:2,pp.53-65.
• DuFort, E. C., & Uyeda, H. A. (1984). U.S. Patent No. 4,488,156. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
• El Ahmar, S. A. S. (2011). Biomimicry as a Tool for Sustainable Architectural Design.Unpublished Master of Science Thesis, Alexandria University, Alexandria
• Gutschow, K. K. (2006). From Object to Installation in Bruno Taut's Exhibit Pavilions. Journal of Architectural education, 59(4), 63-70.
• Gülgün B. & Türkyılmaz B. (2001). Peyzaj Mimarlığında ve İnsan YaŞamında Ergonominin Yeri-Önemi ve Bornova Örneğinde Bir Araştırma. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, cilt (vol.): 38, no: 2-3, 164 s., İzmir.
• Helms, M., Vattam, S. S., &Goel, A. K. (2009). Biologically Inspired Design: Process and Products. Design Studies, 30(5), 606-622.
• Kazazian, T. (2003). Il y aura l'âge des choses légères: design et développement durable. Victoires-Editions.
• Kronenburg, R. (2014). Architecture in motion: The history and development of portable building. London: Routledge.
• Kuban, D. (1995). Türk Ev Geleneği Üzerine Gözlemler, Türk ve İslam Sanatı Üzerine Denemeler, İstanbul.
• Lee, J. H., Gu, N., Ostwald, M. J., & Jupp, J. (2013). Understanding cognitive activities in parametric design. In International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures (pp. 38-49). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• Massey, J. (2006). Organic architecture and direct democracy: Claude Bragdon's Festivals of Song and Light. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 65(4), 578-613.
• Massey, J. (2016). Buckminster Fuller's cybernetic pastoral: the United States Pavilion at Expo 67, The Journal of Architecture, 21:5, 795-815, DOI: 10.1080/13602365.2016.1207433
• Menges, A. (2012). Biomimetic design processes in architecture: morphogenetic and evolutionary computational design. Bioinspiration & biomimetics, 7(1), 015003. ntain_006.jpg?1557968630
• Onbay, E. (2020) 21. Yüzyıl Dünya Fuarlarında (Expo) Türkiye’nin Mimari Temsili. AURUM Mühendislik Sistemleri ve Mimarlık Dergisi, 4(1), 135-152.
• Packer, R. (2004). The Pavilion: Into the 21st Century: a space for reflection. Organised Sound, 9(3), 251-259.
• Petschek, P., & Gass, S. (Eds.). (2012). Constructing Shadows: Pergolas, Pavilions, Tents, Cables, and Plants. Walter de Gruyter.
• Polat, M. (2019) EXPO VE TÜRKİYE. International Journal of Business Economics and Management Perspectives ISSN:2458-8997
• Robinson, J. (2014). Introducing Pavilions: Big Worlds under Little Tents. Open Arts Journal, 2, 1-22.
• Seixas, M. A., Ripper, J. L. M., Ghavami, K. (2014), Prefabricated bamboo structure and textile canvas pavilions. In Proceedings of IASS Annual Symposia (Vol. 2014, No. 1, pp. 1-12). International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS).
• Selçuk, S., &Sorguç, A. (2007). Mimarlık Tasarımı Paradigmasında Biomimesis’ in Etkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 451-459. Serpentine-Pavillion-2015.jpg?w968h681
• Tandoğan, O. (2018) Atık Malzemelerinin Mimaride Kullanımı. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 1(4), 189-202.
• Ülkü, G. K. (2019). Mimarlık ve Sanat İşbirliği: Brüksel EXPO’58 Türkiye Pavilionu. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (5), 497-516.
• Varinlioğlu, G., Turhan, G. D., Alaçam, S.(2019). Dijital Fabrikasyon Aracı Olarak Pavilion Tasarımı. Yapı 446 Mimarlık Tasarım Kültür Sanat Dergisi
• Vatansever, N. (2009). Sergi binalarında, geniş açıklık geçen çelik taşıyıcı sistemlerin incelenmesi (Doctoral dissertation, DEÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• Vincent, J. F. (2003). Biomimetic Modeling. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 358(1437), 1597-1603.
• Vincent, J. F., Bogatyreva, O. A., Bogatyrev, N. R., Bowyer, A., Pahl, A. K. (2006). Biomimetics: Its Practice and Theory. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 3(9), 471-482.
• Xie, İ. (2013).Transcending the limitations of physical form: a case study of the Cang Lang Pavilion in Suzhou, China, The Journal of Architecture,18:2, pp
• Yazıcıoğlu, D. A. (2014) Bir Kamusal Strüktür Olarak Pavilion Yapılarının Dijital Teknolojilerle Yeniden Biçimlenişi. Mimarlıkta Sayısal Tasarım Sempozyumu, 21.
• Yli-Jokipii, P.(1999). The Cultural Geography of the Summer Dance Pavilions of Ostrobothnia, Finland, Journal of Cultural Geography, 18:2.
• Yörüklü N. (2009). Peyzaj Mimarlığı Meslek Disiplini içinde Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin Yeri Ve Önemi. TMMOB Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kongresi,İzmir.
• Zari, M. P. (2009). An architectural Love of the Living: Bio-Inspired Design in The Pursuit of Ecological Regeneration and Psychological Wellbeing. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 120, 293-302.
• Zeytün, B. (2014). Mimari Tasarımda Biyomorfik Yaklaşımlar. Biomorphic Approaches in Architectural Design), MSc Thesis, Yakındoğu University.(in Turkish).
• URL-1, (2019) https://thespaces.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Triennale-BruGge 2018 _Selgascano-pavilion_2-Foto-Iwan-Baan-1024x683.jpg (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-2, (2019). https://www.dezeen.com/2012/08/20/porsche-pavillon-by-henn/ (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-3, (2019). http://www.surfacesreporter.com/myuploads/20180416052458.jpg (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-4, (2019) https://archello.com/project/confluence-park-river-pavilion (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-5, (2020). https://i.pinimg.com/originals/28/8a/b6/288ab6a3712cad516997153934 5a364d.jpg / (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-6, (2019). https://www.archdaily.com/200199/bridgestone-pavilionarchitectkidd /5004e4b728ba0d4e8d000c57-bridgestone-pavilion-architectkidd-image (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-7, (2019). https://aramleeuw.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/PUMA_VORpavilion 4.jpg (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-8, (2019). https://interieur.home.blog/2018/08/13/popupstore/ (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-9, (2019). https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5cdc/b702/284d/d1b9/3f00/001f/ slideshow/Air_ Mou (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-10, (2019). https://www.insideflows.org/wp-content/uploads/Rotterdam-Bubbles-Floating-Pavilion-1.jpeg (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-11, (2020). https://singularityhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/bucky-fuller-geodesic-dome.jpg (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-12, (2020). http://www.kemerhaber.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/ISTANBUL-2.jpg (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-13,(2020). http://www.malatyaguncel.com/d/other/2016/06/01/kazakistanli-gazeteciler-expo-2016-antalyayi-gezdi.jpg (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-14, (2019). https://whatson.ae/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/expo2020-belgium-1-3200-x-1800.jpg (accessed in: 22.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-15, (2019). https://medium.com/@victorpineda/the-12th-annual-conference-of-the-state-parties-at-the-un-today-is-about-inclusive-innovation-212c4fdeb1b (accessed in: 22.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-16, (2019). https://meconstructionnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/expo2020-pavilion-mobility-2-3200-x-2000_edit.jpg (accessed in: 22.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-17, (2019). https://whatson.ae/dubai/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/uk-pavilion-expo-2020.jpg (accessed in: 22.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-18, (2019). http://www.thomasberloffa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/featured-image6.jpg (accessed in: 22.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-19, (2019). https://gulfnews.com/photos/business/in-pictures-a-look-at-the-expo-2020-dubai-pavilion-designs-1.1571234880216?slide=1 (accessed in: 22.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-20, (2019). https://wwww.dailynewssegypt.com/2019/09/29/dubai-gears-up-for-worlds-greatest-show-expo-2020/ (accessed in: 22.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-21, (2019). http://www.paradigmandpartners.com/oman-pavilion-expo-shanghai (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-22, (2019). https://ak3.picdn.net/shutterstock/videos/3529223/thumb/1.jpg (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-23, (2019). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Expo58_building_Ph ilips.jpg (accessed in: 28.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-24, (2019). https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2015/08/Serpentine-Gallery-Pavilion-20 00-by-Zaha-Hadid_dezeen_01.jpg (accessed in: 19.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-25, (2019). http://new.rushi.net/Home/Works/detail/id/91578.html (accessed in: 19.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-26, (2019). https://www.arkitektuel.com/2002-serpentine-pavilionu/, (accessed in: 05.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-27, (2019). https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/810225789187402596/ (accessed in: 08.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-28, (2019). https://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/08/Alvaro-Sizavieira-Serpentine-Pavilion1.jpg (accessed in: 19.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-29, (2019). https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/londons-2014-serpentine-pavilİon-arrives-in-new-rural-home/www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/in-pictures-serpentine-pavilions-through-the-years/10002699.article (accessed in: 19.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-30, (2019). https://olafureliasson.net/archive/artwork/WEK100452/serpentine-gallery-pavilion (accessed in: 19.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-31, (2019). https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2016/01/Serpentine-Gallery-Pavilion-2008-Frank-Gehry_dezeen_03.jpg (accessed in: 19.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-32, (2019). https://twitter.com/SesiMimar/status/1003363668275400704 accessed in: 08.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-33, (2019). http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2010/03/dzn_Jean-Nouvel-to-design-Serpentine-Gallery-Pavilion-2.jpg accessed in: 05.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-34, (2019). http://www.grahamfoundation.org/grantees/4017-serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2011-by-peter-zumthor (accessed in: 08.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-35, (2019). https://www.serpentinegalleries.org/press/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2012-designed-herzog-de-meuron-and-ai (accessed in: 08.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-36, (2019). https://media.architecturaldigest.com/photos/55e768c4302ba71f30167730 /4:3/w_ 800,h_ 600,climit / dam-images-architecture-2013-ad-innovators-sou-fujimoto-innovators-sou-fujimoto-02.jpg (accessed in: 19.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-37, (2019). https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/serpentine-pavilions-afterlife (accessed in: 08.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-38, (2019). https://www.arkitektuel.com/2015-serpentine-pavilionu/ (accessed in: 19.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-39, (2019). https://static. independent. co. uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2016/06/ 07/16/pp-serpentine-bjarke-rex.jpg?w968h681 (accessed in: 08.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-40, (2019). https://www.serpentinegalleries.org/press/2017/06/serpentine-pavilion-2017-designed-francis-k%C3%A9r%C3%A9 (accessed in: 19.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-41, (2019). https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/serpentine-pavilion-designed-by-frida-escobedo-opens-for-2018 accessed in: 05.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-42, (2019). https://parametric-architecture.com/serpentine-pavilion-2019-by-junya-ishigami/ (accessed in: 19.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL 43, (2019). https://www.zaha-hadid.com/design/serpentine-pavilion/ (accessed in: 19.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-44, (2019). https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2015/06/22/ 13/ (accessed in: 22.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-45, (2019). https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/pictures/420x280fitpad [31] /6/2/6/ 1436626_3d (accessed in: 22.05.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-46, (2019). https://www.vbenzeri.com/mimari/serpentine-pavilionu-2019 (accessed in: 22.12.2019), (In Turkish).
• URL-47,(2020). https://www.trthaber.com/resimler/560000/560714.jpg (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-48,(2020). http://www.malatyaguncel.com/atso-bahcesi-expo-2016nin-en-iyi-kurumsal-bahcesi-secildi-502263h.htm (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-49,(2020). https://cdn.yeniakit.com.tr/images/news/625/expo-2016-antalya-rekora-gidiyor-h1460614868-4ea93d.jpg (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-50,(2020). https://www.facebook.com/pg/EXPOErzurum/photos/?ref=page_internal (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-51, (2020). https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRMn-zik07vBHR-GqQ4VN0pc19MAh9WdouTNYHQ91n260GuR5Jr (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-52,(2020). http://www.kemerhaber.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/ISTANBUL-2.jpg (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-53,(2020). http://www.malatyaguncel.com/d/other/2016/06/01/kazakistanli-gazeteciler-expo-2016-antalyayi-gezdi.jpg (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-54,(2020). sierrayasamkent.com/blog/farkli-ulkelerden-ilginc-mimari-ornekler/(accesse d in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-55,(2020).https://docplayer.biz.tr/docs-images/93/111187025/images/5-0.jpg (accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-56,(2020). http://www.evolo.us/(accessed in: 17.02.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-57, (2020). https://www.arch2o.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Arch2O-ICD-ITKE_RP12-6.jpg(accessed in: 20.01.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-58, (2020). https://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/10/ICDITKE-Research-Pavilion-2011-9.jpg (accessed in: 17.02.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-59, (2020). https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/university-of-stuttgart (accessed in: 17.02.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-60, (2020). https://gaiadergi.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/istridye-ev.jpg (accessed in: 17.02.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-61, (2020). https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/qWjcfcAzo2Y_myGI_tanJxC-zbuecsK_uY4zl-q9fyNKgV9btQecbw7ByoOe_D6Jc2xCZA=s170 (accessed in: 17.02.2020), (In Turkish).
• URL-62, (2020). https://www.itke.uni-stuttgart.de/research/icd-itke-research-pavilions/icd-itke-research-pavilion-2014-15/ (accessed in: 17.02.2020), (InTurkish).