Pollution indices assessment of metal concentrations in Karabuk soil samples

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 384 - 398, 29.06.2023

Naim Sezgin , Saidou Kında , Uğur Emre Temelli , Nazan Sezgin

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.2.17

Öz

Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil by harmful substances that can have adverse effects on plant and animal life, it also negative affects the health-being of humans. The sources of soil pollution include industrial activities, agricultural practices, mining and transportation activities. The contaminants in soil can include heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, petroleum products, and other chemicals. These contaminants can seep into the soil and accumulate over time, making the soil unsuitable for agriculture or other uses. Heavy metals are a significant concern in soil pollution due to their persistency and potential harm for living organisms. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate metal contamination in soil using ecological risk indices to protect human health. This assessment can help identify potential risks and enable effective management of contaminated sites. This study aimed to assess of the metal pollution levels, including Arsenic (As), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn), in soil samples from Karabuk using various ecological risk indices. These indices included the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), contamination degree (Cd), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk (PERI). Furthermore, statistical techniques such as correlation and factor analysis were employed to determine the underlying sources responsible for these metals. Based on the results of the Cd, PLI, and PERI, it was found that the soil at T7 exhibited a very high degree of contamination, was moderately to highly polluted, and posed a moderate ecological risk, respectively. The results of the pollution indices suggest that the sources of pollution in the Karabuk soil samples are anthropogenic, meaning they are a result of human activities like industrial processes and improper waste disposal.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soil, metal pollution, Pollution indices, Risk management, Karabuk

Kaynakça

• Abarnou, A., Burgeot, T., Chevreuil, M., Leboulenger, F., Loizeau, V., et al. (1999) Les contaminants organiques : quels risques pour le monde vivant ? Programme scientifique Seine-Aval. Editions Ifremer, vol.35, (In France). Retrieved from : https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=tr&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%29+Les+contaminants+organiques+%3A+quels+risques+pour+le+monde+vivant+%3F+Programme+scientifique+Seine-Aval.+Editions+Ifremer%2C+vol.35&btnG=
• Abraham, J.L., Hunt, A. (1995) Environmental contamination by cobalt in the vicinity of a cemented tungsten carbide tool grinding plant. Environ. Res., 69:67–74. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1995.1026
• Ashley, K., Howe, A.M., Demange, M., et al. 2003. Sampling and analysis considerations for the determination of hexavalent chromium in workplace air. J Environ Monit 5(5):707-716. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/b306105c
• Baize, D. (1997). Teneurs totales en éléments traces métalliques dans les sols (In France). (INRA, Ed.). Paris. Retrieved from : https://hal.science/hal-01203415v1/file/C39Baize.pdf
• Barnhart, J. (1997) Occurrences, Uses, and Properties of Chromium. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 26, S3-S7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1997.1132
• Basta, N., Ryan, J., Chaney, R. (2005) Trace element chemistry in residual-treated soil. Journal of environmental quality 34(1):49-63. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0049dup
• Bonnard, N., Falcy, M., Hesbert, A., Jargot, D., Pillière, F., Schneider, O., Serre, P. (2006) Plomb et composés minéraux, INRS, Paris, France, ISBN 2-7389-1392-X, 12 p (In France). Retrieved from: https://technologie.ac-versailles.fr/IMG/pdf/ft59.pdf
• Calder, L.M. (1988) Chromium contamination of groundwater, Advances in Environmental Science and Technology, Volume 20, Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 1988.- ISBN 0-471-85643-6. p. 215-229 Retrieved from : https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB9108552
• Cary, E.E. (1982) Chromium in air, soil and natural waters. In: Lang S, ed. Topics in environmental health 5: Biological and environmental aspects of chromium. New York, NY: Elsevier Biomedical Press, 49-64. Retrieved from: https://www.elsevier.com/books/biological-and-environmental-aspects-of-chromium/langard/978-0-444-80441-9
• Catherine Gauthier-Dion, (2016). Décontamination d’un sol pollué par des métaux lourds par des procédés de traitement physiques et chimiques, Mémoire présenté pour l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise en sciences (M.Sc.) en Sciences de la Terre, Université du Québec Institut national de la recherche scientifique Centre Eau Terre Environnement (In France). https://espace.inrs.ca/id/eprint/3349/1/T00756.pdf
• Chandrasekaran, A., Ravisankar, R., Harikrishnan, N., Satapathy, K.K., Prasad, M.V.R., Kanagasabapathy, K.V. (2015) Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metal concentration in soils of Yelagiri Hills, Tamilnadu, India Spectroscopical approach. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 137, 589–600. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.093
• Chen, Y.Y., Tang, M.Y., Wang, S.T., Wang, Q., Zhan, W.X., Huang, G. (2016) Heavy metal pollution assessment of farmland soil in China based on bibliometrics. Chin. J. Soil Sci., 47:219–225. Doi: https://doi.org/10.19336/j.cnki.trtb.2016.01.034
• Chen, H., Lu, X., Li, L.Y., Gao, T., Chang, Y. (2014) Metal contamination in campus dust of Xi’an, China: A study based on multivariate statistics and spatial distribution. Science of the Total Environment, 484, 27–35. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.026
• Christoforidis, A., Stamatis, N. (2009) Heavy metal contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala’s region, Greece. Geoderma, 151, 257–263. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.04.016
• EPA. 1990b. Noncarcinogenic effects of chromium: Update to health assessment document. Research Triangle Park, NC: Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA600887048F https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/30001GQV.PDF?Dockey=30001GQV.PDF
• Hakanson, L. (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res. 14, 975-1001. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
• Han, Y., Du, P., Cao, J., Posmentier, E.S. (2006) Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an, Central China. Sci. Total Environ., 355:176–86. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.026
• Hołtra, A., Zamorska-Wojdyła, D. (2020) The pollution indices of trace elements in soils and plants close to the copper and zinc smelting works in Poland’s Lower Silesia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27:16086–16099. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08072-0
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Report, (2012) Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts volume 100 C, A review of human Carcinogens, iARC monographs on the evaluation of Carcinogenic risks to humans. Retrieved from: https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100C.pdf
• Institut National de l’Environnement industriel et des Risques (INERIS) , Rapport annual 2006 (In France). Retrieved from: https://www.ineris.fr/sites/ineris.fr/files/contribution/Documents/rapport_annuel_2006xx.pdf
• James, B.R., Petura, J.C., Vitale, R.J., et al. (1997) Oxidation-reduction chemistry of chromium: Relevance to the regulation and remediation of chromate-contaminated soils. J Soil Contam 6(6):569-580. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383590
• Javed, T., Ahmad, N., Mashiatullah, A. (2018). Heavy metals contamination and ecological risk assessment in surface sediments of Namal Lake, Pakistan. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 27(2), 675–688. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15244/PJOES/75815
• Keshavarzi, B., Tazarvi, Z., Rajabzadeh, M.a., Najmeddin, A. (2015) Chemical speciation, human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz, Iran. Atmospheric Environment, 119, 1-10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.001 Klos, A., Rajfur, M., Waclawek, M. (2011) Application of enrichment factor (EF) to the interpretation of results from the biomonitoring studies. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering, 18 (2), 171-182. http://tchie.uni.opole.pl/freeECE/S_18_2/KlosRajfur_18(S2).pdf
• Laperche, V., Dictor, M.C., Closel-Leloup, B., Baranger, P. (2004) Guide méthodologique du plomb appliqué à la gestion des sites et des sols pollués. Étude réalisée dans le cadre des opérations de services publics du BRGM 2003-POLA06 et de la convention d’étude BRGM MEDD/DPPR-BRGM CV 030000012. BRGM/RP-52881-FR, France, 138 p (In France). Retrieved from: http://infoterre.brgm.fr/rapports/RP-52881-FR.pdf
• Lu, X., Wang, L., Li, L.Y., Lei, K. (2010) Huang L, Kang D. Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in street dust of Baoji, NW China. J. Hazard Mater.,173, 744–749. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.001
• Maina, C. W., Sang, J. K., Raude, J. M., & Mutua, B. M. (2019). Geochronological and spatial distribution of heavy metal contamination in sediment from Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 12(1), 37–54. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/16878507.2019.1593718
• Mahey, S., Kumar, R., Sharma, M., Kumar, V., Bhardwaj, R. (2020) A critical review on toxicity of cobalt and its bioremediation strategies, SN Applied Sciences, 2:1279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-3020-9.
• Mercier, G. (2000) Disponibilité des métaux dans les sols et prévision du rendement d’enlèvement par des techniques minéralurgiques. Mémoire de thèse, Université Laval (Québec) et INSA Toulouse (France), Québec-Toulouse, 210 p (In France). https://www.proquest.com/docview/304651549/abstract
• Meza-Figueroa, D., De la O-Villanueva, M., De la Parra, M.L. (2007) Heavy metal distribution in dust from elementary schools in Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Atmos. Environ., 41:276–88. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.034
• Naert, N. (2017) Étude de la contamination des sols par les éléments traces métalliques : influence de la profondeur de la contamination sur la croissance de plantesindigènes et évaluation de la mobilité du zinc (In France). Retrieved from: https://matheo.uliege.be/bitstream/2268.2/3205/4/TFE%20M2%20SGE%20SURVEILLANCE%202016-2017%20NAERT%20NATHAN.pdf
• Nayak, M.C., Isloor, A.M., Lakshmi, B., Marwani, H.M., Khan, I. (2020) Polyphenylsulfone/ multiwalled carbon nanotubes mixed ultrafiltration membranes: Fabrication, characterization and removal of heavy metals Pb2+, Hg2+, and Cd2+from aqueous solutions. Arab. J. Chem. 13(3), 4661–4672. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.10.007
• Pichard, A. (2003) Plomb et ses dérivés. Ineris. Rapport d’étude no 25590-ETSC-APi-SD, France, 90 p (In France). Retrieved from: https://www.isere.gouv.fr/contenu/telechargement/32797/244022/file/annexe_C12_Fiche_tox_Plomb.pdf
• Pichard, A., Bisson, M., Houeix, N. (2006) Nickel et ses dérivés. INERIS: Fiche de Données Toxicologiques et Environnementales Des Substances Chimiques, 1–71. Retrieved from (In France). Retrieved from: https://substances.ineris.fr/fr/substance/getDocument/2812
• Rai, P.K., Lee, S.S., Zhang, M., Tsang, Y.F., Kim, K.H. (2019) Heavy metals in food crops: health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environ. Int. 125, 365–385. Doi; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.067
• Roberts, L.C., Hug, S.J., Dittmar, J., Voegelin, A., Kretzschmar, R., Wehrli, B. (2010) Arsenic release from paddy soils during monsoon flooding. Nat. Geosci 3 (1), 53–59. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo723
• Saeedi, M., Li, L.Y., Salmanzadeh, M. (2012) Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. J. Hazard. Mater., 227-228, 9-17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.047
• Salem, F.Y., Parkerton, T.F., Lewis, R.V., et al. (1989) Kinetics of chromium transformations in the environment. Sci Total Environ., 86:25-41. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(89)90190-3
• Sezgin, N., Nadeem I., El Afandi G. (2022) Environmental Pollution Assessment of Trace Metals in Road Dust of Istanbul in Turkey. Earth Systems and Environment, 6,189-198. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00271-0
• Sezgin, N., Balkaya, N., Sahmurova, A., Aysal, N. (2019) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in urban soil(Tuzla District, Istanbul, Turkey). Desalination and Water Treatment, 172, 167–176. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.25023
• Shrivastava, A., Ghosh, D., Dash, A., and Bose, S. (2015) Arsenic contamination in soil and sediment in India: sources, effects, and remediation. Curr. Pollut. Rep., 1 (1), 35–46. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-015-0004-2
• Shumlas, S.L., Singireddy, S., Thenuwara, A.C., Attanayake, N.H., Reeder, R.J., and Strongin, D.R. (2016) Oxidation of arsenite to arsenate on birnessite in the presence of light. Geochemical Trans., 17 (1), 1–10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-016-0037-5
• Singh, J., Kalamdhad, A.S. (2011) Effects of Heavy Metals on Soil, Plants, Human Health and Aquatic Life, International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment Vol. 1 Issue 2, 15-21. Retrieved from: http://www.ijrce.org/index.php/ijrce/article/view/78
• Tian, R.F., Kuang, Y.X., Wang, Z.L., Zhao, P.C., Liang, P.H. (2021) Research on Remediation Technology of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 859(1). Doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/859/1/012075
• Tokalıoğlu, Ş., Kartal, Ş. (2006) Multivariate analysis of the data and speciation of heavy metals in street dust samples from the Organized Industrial District in Kayseri (Turkey). Atmos. Environ.,40,2797–805. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.019
• Tomlinson, D.C., Wilson, J.G., Harris, C.R., Jeffery, D.W. (1980) Problems in the assessment of heavy metals levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters., 33 (1-4), 566-575. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02414780
• Turner, A., Simmonds, L. (2006) Elemental concentrations and metal bioaccessibility in UK household dust. Sci. Total Environ., 371, 74–81.Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.011
• Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (Turkish: Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu – TAEK) (2015) Mersin-Kars-Iğdir-Bartin-Karabük illerinin doğal fon radyasyonu haritasinin çikartilmasi ve eser element analizleri. Report (in Turkish) Retrieved from: https://kurumsalarsiv.tenmak.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12878/355
• URL-1. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/substances/ToxSubstance.aspx?toxid=64 (Visiting date 13.04.2023).
• URL-2. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/substances/ToxSubstance.aspx?toxid=54 (Visiting date 25.04.2023).
• URL-3. https://icsg.org/ (Visiting date 25.02.2023).
• URL-4. https://karabuk.tarimorman.gov.tr (Visiting date 05.05.2023).
• Vasiliu, D., Bucse, A., Lupascu, N., Ispas, B., Gheablau, C., Stanescu, I. (2020) Assessment of the metal pollution in surface sediments of coastal Tasaul Lake (Romania). Environ Monit Assess., 192: 749. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08698-0
• Wei, B., Jiang, F., Li, X., Mu, S. (2010) Heavy metal induced ecological risk in the city of Urumqi, NW China. Environ. Monit. Assess., 160, 33–45. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0655-1
• WHO (2021). Nickel in Drinking-water. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Retrieved from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/350934/WHO-HEP-ECH-WSH-2021.6-eng.pdf?sequence=1
• Yang, Y., Liu, Z., Chen, F., Wu, S., Zhang, L., Kang, M., Li, J. (2014). Assessment of trace element contamination in sediment cores from the Pearl River and estuary, South China: geochemical and multivariate analysis approaches. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 8089–8107. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3989-x
• Yarlagadda, P., Matsumoto, M., Van Benschoten, J., Kathuria, A. (1995) Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils. Journal of Environmental Engineering 121(4):276-286. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:4(276)
• Zhai, X., Li, Z., Huang, B., Luo, N., Zhang, Q., Zeng, G. (2018) Remediation of multiple heavy metal-contaminated soil through the combination of soil washing and in situ immobilization. Sci. Total Environ. 635, 92–99. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.119
• Zhao, H., Wu, Y., Lan, X., Yang, Y., Wu, X., Du, L. (2022) Comprehensive assessment of harmful heavy metals in contaminated soil in order to score pollution level. Scientific Reports, 12:3552. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07602-9
• Zhao, G., Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Cheng, J., Wang, X. (2022) Source analysis and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soils around heavy metal industry inAnxin County. Scientifc Reports, 12:10562. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13977-6