The Reflection of the Antisemitist Propaganda Myths in Nazism Ideology to Education during Nazi Germany
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1081 - 1113, 19.10.2020
Yasemin Keskin Yılmaz
,
Caner Çakı
,
Arzu Kazaz
Kaynakça
- Barthes, R. (2015). Bir Deneme Bir Ders: Eiffel Kulesi ve Açılış Dersi (2. Baskı b.). (M. Rifat, & S. Rifat, Çev.) İstanbul: İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Barthes, R. (2014). Çağdaş Söylenler (4. Baskı b.). (T. Yücel, Çev.) İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
- Barthes, R. (2017). Görüntünün Retoriği, Sanat ve Müzik (2. Baskı b.). (A. Koş, & Ö. Albayrak, Çev.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Barthes, R. (2016a). Göstergebilimsel Serüven (8.Baskı b.). (M. Rifat, & S. Rifat, Çev.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Barthes, R. (2016b). S/Z. (S. Öztürk Kasar, Çev.) İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
- Blackburn, G. W. (2012). Education in the Third Reich: Race and History in Nazi Textbooks. New York: SUNY Press.
- Blackburn, G. W. (1980). The Portrayal of Christianity in the History Textbooks of Nazi Germany. Church History , 49 (4), 433-445.
- Bodó, B. (2003). Foreign Students in Nazi Germany. East European Quarterly , 37 (1), 19-50.
- Boschki, R., Reichmann, B., & Schewendemann, W. (2015). Towards a New Theory of Holocaust Remembrance in Germany: Education, Preventing Antisemitism, and Advancing Human Rights. Z. Gross, & E. D. Stevick (Dü) içinde, As the Witnesses Fall Silent: 21st Century Holocaust Education in Curriculum, Policy and Practice (s. 469-488). Cham: Springer.
- Brickman, W. W. (1985). Nazi Negation at Nuremberg: The Racial Laws of 1935 and German Education. Western European Education , 17 (2), 3-15.
- Bytwerk, R. L. (2015). Believing in “Inner Truth”: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in Nazi Propaganda, 1933–1945. Holocaust and Genocide Studies , 91 (1), 212-229.
- Bytwerk, R. L. (2005). The Argument for Genocide in Nazi Propaganda. Quarterly Journal of Speech , 91 (1), 37-62.
- Calvin. (2020). 1 14, 2020 tarihinde Zehirli Mantar Hikaye Kitabının Görselleri: https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/thumb.htm adresinden alındı.
- Cochavi, Y. (1988). Arming for Survival: Martin Buber and Jewish Adult Education in Nazi Germany. Holocaust and Genocide Studies , 3 (1), 55-67.
- Demichele, M. D. (1971). The Nazi Pattern of Education in Third Reich Germany. The Social Studies , 62 (1), 3-7.
- Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş (5. Basım b.). (S. İrvan, Çev.) Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
- Gerson, J. M. (2001). In Between States: National Identity Practices Among German Jewish Immigrants. Political Psychology , 22 (1), 179-198.
- Goebbels, J. (2016). Gerçek Yüzüyle Komünizm ve Teori ve Pratikte Bolşevizm,. (Z. Köroğlu, Çev.) İstanbul: Bilge Karınca Yayınları.
- Graham, C. C. (1993). ‘Olympia’in America, 1938: Leni Riefenstahl, Hollywood, and the Kristallnacht. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television , 13 (4), 433-450.
- Heideman, R. D. (2016). Legalizing Hate: The Significance of the Nuremberg Laws and the Post-War Nuremberg Trials. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review , 39, 5-24.
- Herf, J. (2005). The “Jewish War”: Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, , 19 (1), 51-80.
- Horn, D. (1976). The Hitler Youth and Educational Decline in the Third Reich. History of Education Quarterly , 16 (4), 425-447.
- Horn, D. (1973). Youth Resistance in the Third Reich: A Social Portrait. Journal of Social History , 7 (1), 26-50.
- Jantzen, K., & Durance, J. (2011). Our Jewish Brethren: Christian Responses to Kristallnacht in Canadian Mass Media. Journal of Ecumenical Studies , 46 (4), 537-548.
- Kaplan, M. A. (1999). Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany. The United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
- Kaplan, M. A. (1990). Jewish Women in Nazi Germany: Daily Life, Daily Struggles, 1933-1939. Feminist Studies , 116 (3), 579-606.
- Kater, M. H. (1974). The Reich Vocational Contest and Students of Higher Learning in Nazi Germany. Central European History , 7 (3), 225-261.
- Levine, H. S. (1975). A Jewish Collaborator in Nazi Germany: The Strange Career of Georg Kareski, 1933–37. Central European History , 8 (3), 251-281.
- Lévi-Strauss, C. (2013). Mit ve Anlam. (G. Y. Demir, Çev.) İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
- McKale, D. M. (1975). Hitlerism for Export! The Nazi Attempt to Control Schools and Youth Clubs Outside Germany. Journal of European Studies , 7 (3), 239-253.
- McNab, C. (2015). Hitler'in Ordusu, Nazi Savaş Makinesinin Tarihi, 1939-1945. (O. Doğan, Çev.) İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
- Occleshaw, M. E. (1985). The “Stab in the Back”—Myth or Reality? The RUSI Journal , 130 (3), 49-54.
- Ofer, D. (2001). The Education of Jewish Children in Warsaw During the Nazi Occupation. J. Roth, & E. Maxwell (Dü) içinde, Remembering the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide (s. 289-301). Basingstoke, UK and New York, NY: Palgrave.
- Pegelow, T. (2006). Determining ‘People of German Blood’,‘Jews’ and ‘Mischlinge’: the Reich Kinship Office and the Competing Discourses and Powers of Nazism, 1941–1943. Contemporary European History , 15 (1), 43-65.
- Pine, L. (1996). The Dissemination of Nazi Ideology and Family Values through School Textbooks. History of Education , 25 (1), 91-109.
- Redmann, J. (1998). "Läßt sich daraus was lernen?" Children's Literature, Education, and Ideology in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German , 131-137.
- Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
- Schuch, J. (2017). Negotiating the Limits of Upbringing, Education, and Racial Hygiene in Nazi Germany as Exemplified in the Study and Treatment of Sinti and Roma. Race Ethnicity and Education , 20 (5), 609-623.
- Silver, J. (2015). Education of Jewish Children in Nazi Occupied Areas between 1933-1945. The United States: Fielding Graduate University.
- Simon, E. (1956). Jewish Adult Education in Nazi Germany as Spiritual Resistance. The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook , 1 (1), 68-104.
- Smith, R. B. (1988). Anti-Semitism and Nazism: Reconciling Fromm and Goldhagen. American Behavioral Scientist , 41 (9), 1324-1362.
- Ward Sr, M. (2010). The Ethic of Exigence: Information Design, Postmodern Ethics, and the Holocaust. Journal of Business and Technical Communication , 24 (1), 60-90.
- Wegner, G. P. (1991). Schooling for a New Mythos: Race, Anti‐Semitism and The Curriculum Materials of a Nazi Race Educator. Paedagogica Historica , 27 (2), 188-213.
- Wolf, A. (2010). Higher Education in Nazi Germany RLE Responding to Fascism: or Education for World Conquest. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
- Yurdakul, A., & Alperen, A. (2019). Nazi Almanyası'nda Çocuk Kitaplarının Propaganda Aracı Olarak Kullanılmasına Dair Bir Örnek: Der Giftpilz (Zehirli Mantar). Alman Dili ve Kültürü Araştırmaları Dergisi , 1 (2), 15-34.
Nazi Almanya'sı Döneminde Nazizm İdeolojisindeki Antisemitist Propaganda Mitlerinin Eğitime Yansıması
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1081 - 1113, 19.10.2020
Yasemin Keskin Yılmaz
,
Caner Çakı
,
Arzu Kazaz
Öz
Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman İşçi Partisi'nin (NSDAP), 1933 yılında Almanya'da iktidara gelmesinden sonra Naziler, Nazizm ideolojisinin antisemitist fikirlerinin ülke genelinde hakim olmasına çalışmakta, bu amaçla Yahudilere yönelik nefret söylemi içeren yayınlar yapılmaya başlanmaktadır. Bu yayınlar içerisinde en dikkat çekenlerden biri NSDAP'nin önde gelen siyasetçilerinden biri olan Julius Streicher tarafından yayınlanan ve özellikle Almanya'daki okullarda Yahudi karşıtı algıların inşa edilmesinde kullanılmaya çalışılan Zehirli Mantar (Der Giftpilz) isimli hikaye kitabı olmaktadır. Çalışmada Zehirli Mantar kitabı içerisinden seçilen sekiz hikaye üzerinden Nazizm ideolojisinin Alman toplumunda inşa etmek istediği mitlerin ortaya konulması ve inşa edilen mitler ile neyin hedeflendiğinin açıklanması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla belirlenen hikayelerde yer alan yazılı ve görsel kodlar, göstergebilimsel analize tabi tutularak incelenmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular kapsamında, hikaye kitabı üzerinden "Yahudilerin Alman toplumunu ekonomik yönden sömürdüğü", "Yahudilerin yalnızca kendi çıkarların için çalıştığı" ve "Yahudilerin Alman toplumu için tehdit oluşturduğu" şeklinde Yahudi karşıtı mitlerin inşa edildiği görülmektedir. İnşa edilen mitler yoluyla Alman toplumunda Yahudilere yönelik nefret söylemi inşa edilerek, Yahudilerin Alman toplumundan dışlanmasının amaçlandığı ortaya çıkarılmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Barthes, R. (2015). Bir Deneme Bir Ders: Eiffel Kulesi ve Açılış Dersi (2. Baskı b.). (M. Rifat, & S. Rifat, Çev.) İstanbul: İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Barthes, R. (2014). Çağdaş Söylenler (4. Baskı b.). (T. Yücel, Çev.) İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
- Barthes, R. (2017). Görüntünün Retoriği, Sanat ve Müzik (2. Baskı b.). (A. Koş, & Ö. Albayrak, Çev.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Barthes, R. (2016a). Göstergebilimsel Serüven (8.Baskı b.). (M. Rifat, & S. Rifat, Çev.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Barthes, R. (2016b). S/Z. (S. Öztürk Kasar, Çev.) İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
- Blackburn, G. W. (2012). Education in the Third Reich: Race and History in Nazi Textbooks. New York: SUNY Press.
- Blackburn, G. W. (1980). The Portrayal of Christianity in the History Textbooks of Nazi Germany. Church History , 49 (4), 433-445.
- Bodó, B. (2003). Foreign Students in Nazi Germany. East European Quarterly , 37 (1), 19-50.
- Boschki, R., Reichmann, B., & Schewendemann, W. (2015). Towards a New Theory of Holocaust Remembrance in Germany: Education, Preventing Antisemitism, and Advancing Human Rights. Z. Gross, & E. D. Stevick (Dü) içinde, As the Witnesses Fall Silent: 21st Century Holocaust Education in Curriculum, Policy and Practice (s. 469-488). Cham: Springer.
- Brickman, W. W. (1985). Nazi Negation at Nuremberg: The Racial Laws of 1935 and German Education. Western European Education , 17 (2), 3-15.
- Bytwerk, R. L. (2015). Believing in “Inner Truth”: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in Nazi Propaganda, 1933–1945. Holocaust and Genocide Studies , 91 (1), 212-229.
- Bytwerk, R. L. (2005). The Argument for Genocide in Nazi Propaganda. Quarterly Journal of Speech , 91 (1), 37-62.
- Calvin. (2020). 1 14, 2020 tarihinde Zehirli Mantar Hikaye Kitabının Görselleri: https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/thumb.htm adresinden alındı.
- Cochavi, Y. (1988). Arming for Survival: Martin Buber and Jewish Adult Education in Nazi Germany. Holocaust and Genocide Studies , 3 (1), 55-67.
- Demichele, M. D. (1971). The Nazi Pattern of Education in Third Reich Germany. The Social Studies , 62 (1), 3-7.
- Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş (5. Basım b.). (S. İrvan, Çev.) Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
- Gerson, J. M. (2001). In Between States: National Identity Practices Among German Jewish Immigrants. Political Psychology , 22 (1), 179-198.
- Goebbels, J. (2016). Gerçek Yüzüyle Komünizm ve Teori ve Pratikte Bolşevizm,. (Z. Köroğlu, Çev.) İstanbul: Bilge Karınca Yayınları.
- Graham, C. C. (1993). ‘Olympia’in America, 1938: Leni Riefenstahl, Hollywood, and the Kristallnacht. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television , 13 (4), 433-450.
- Heideman, R. D. (2016). Legalizing Hate: The Significance of the Nuremberg Laws and the Post-War Nuremberg Trials. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review , 39, 5-24.
- Herf, J. (2005). The “Jewish War”: Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, , 19 (1), 51-80.
- Horn, D. (1976). The Hitler Youth and Educational Decline in the Third Reich. History of Education Quarterly , 16 (4), 425-447.
- Horn, D. (1973). Youth Resistance in the Third Reich: A Social Portrait. Journal of Social History , 7 (1), 26-50.
- Jantzen, K., & Durance, J. (2011). Our Jewish Brethren: Christian Responses to Kristallnacht in Canadian Mass Media. Journal of Ecumenical Studies , 46 (4), 537-548.
- Kaplan, M. A. (1999). Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany. The United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
- Kaplan, M. A. (1990). Jewish Women in Nazi Germany: Daily Life, Daily Struggles, 1933-1939. Feminist Studies , 116 (3), 579-606.
- Kater, M. H. (1974). The Reich Vocational Contest and Students of Higher Learning in Nazi Germany. Central European History , 7 (3), 225-261.
- Levine, H. S. (1975). A Jewish Collaborator in Nazi Germany: The Strange Career of Georg Kareski, 1933–37. Central European History , 8 (3), 251-281.
- Lévi-Strauss, C. (2013). Mit ve Anlam. (G. Y. Demir, Çev.) İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
- McKale, D. M. (1975). Hitlerism for Export! The Nazi Attempt to Control Schools and Youth Clubs Outside Germany. Journal of European Studies , 7 (3), 239-253.
- McNab, C. (2015). Hitler'in Ordusu, Nazi Savaş Makinesinin Tarihi, 1939-1945. (O. Doğan, Çev.) İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
- Occleshaw, M. E. (1985). The “Stab in the Back”—Myth or Reality? The RUSI Journal , 130 (3), 49-54.
- Ofer, D. (2001). The Education of Jewish Children in Warsaw During the Nazi Occupation. J. Roth, & E. Maxwell (Dü) içinde, Remembering the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide (s. 289-301). Basingstoke, UK and New York, NY: Palgrave.
- Pegelow, T. (2006). Determining ‘People of German Blood’,‘Jews’ and ‘Mischlinge’: the Reich Kinship Office and the Competing Discourses and Powers of Nazism, 1941–1943. Contemporary European History , 15 (1), 43-65.
- Pine, L. (1996). The Dissemination of Nazi Ideology and Family Values through School Textbooks. History of Education , 25 (1), 91-109.
- Redmann, J. (1998). "Läßt sich daraus was lernen?" Children's Literature, Education, and Ideology in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German , 131-137.
- Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
- Schuch, J. (2017). Negotiating the Limits of Upbringing, Education, and Racial Hygiene in Nazi Germany as Exemplified in the Study and Treatment of Sinti and Roma. Race Ethnicity and Education , 20 (5), 609-623.
- Silver, J. (2015). Education of Jewish Children in Nazi Occupied Areas between 1933-1945. The United States: Fielding Graduate University.
- Simon, E. (1956). Jewish Adult Education in Nazi Germany as Spiritual Resistance. The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook , 1 (1), 68-104.
- Smith, R. B. (1988). Anti-Semitism and Nazism: Reconciling Fromm and Goldhagen. American Behavioral Scientist , 41 (9), 1324-1362.
- Ward Sr, M. (2010). The Ethic of Exigence: Information Design, Postmodern Ethics, and the Holocaust. Journal of Business and Technical Communication , 24 (1), 60-90.
- Wegner, G. P. (1991). Schooling for a New Mythos: Race, Anti‐Semitism and The Curriculum Materials of a Nazi Race Educator. Paedagogica Historica , 27 (2), 188-213.
- Wolf, A. (2010). Higher Education in Nazi Germany RLE Responding to Fascism: or Education for World Conquest. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
- Yurdakul, A., & Alperen, A. (2019). Nazi Almanyası'nda Çocuk Kitaplarının Propaganda Aracı Olarak Kullanılmasına Dair Bir Örnek: Der Giftpilz (Zehirli Mantar). Alman Dili ve Kültürü Araştırmaları Dergisi , 1 (2), 15-34.