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Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şemalar, Kişiler Arası İlişkilerde Affetme ve İntikam Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 61 Sayı: 61, 1 - 26

Öz

Bu araştırma, erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların kişiler arası ilişkilerde affetme ve intikam düzeyini yordama gücünü ortaya koymak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. 283’ü kadın, 115’i erkek olmak üzere toplam 398 katılımcıyla gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma, ilişkisel tarama modeline dayalı olarak tasarlanmıştır. Veriler; “Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3 (YŞÖ-KF3)”, “Kişilerarası İlişkilerde Affetme Ölçeği” ve “İntikam Ölçeği” aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, kişiler arası ilişkilerde affetme ve intikam düzeyi arasındaki ilişkiyi saptamak için Pearson korelasyon analizi; erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların kişiler arası ilişkilerde affetme ve intikam düzeyini anlamlı yordayıcısı olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Verilerin analizi neticesinde; sosyal izolasyon/güvensizlik, yüksek standartlar ve dayanıksızlık şema alt boyutlarının intikamı pozitif yönlü; kendini feda alt boyutunun ise intikamı negatif yönlü anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı görülmüştür. Erken dönem uyumsuz şema alt boyutlarının intikamın toplam varyansının %21.1’ini açıkladığı bulunmuştur. Karamsarlık, ayrıcalıklılık/yetersiz öz denetim ve duygusal yoksunluk şema alt boyutlarının kişiler arası ilişkilerde affetmeyi negatif yönlü; kendini feda, cezalandırma ve terk edilme alt boyutlarının ise kişiler arası ilişkilerde affetmeyi pozitif yönlü anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı görülmüştür. Erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların kişiler arası ilişkilerde affetmenin toplam varyansının %13.1’ini açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, kişiler arası ilişkilerde affetme ve intikamı açıklamada erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların anlamlı bir değişken olduğu görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2001). How Employees Respond to Personal Offense: The Effects of Blame Attribution, Victim Status, and Offender Status on Revenge and Reconciliation in the Workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 52. https://Doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.52
  • Berry, J. W., Worthington Jr, E. L., O'Connor, L. E., Parrott III, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, Vengeful Rumination, and Affective Traits. Journal of Personality, 73(1), 183-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00308.x
  • Brewer, G., Hunt, D., James, G., & Abell, L. (2015). Dark Triad Traits, Infidelity and Romantic Revenge. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 122-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.007
  • Brown, R. P. (2004). Vengeance is Mine: Narcissism, Vengeance, and the Tendency to Forgive. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(6), 576-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2003.10.003
  • Carlsmith, K. M., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). The Paradoxical Consequences of Revenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1316. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012165
  • Chan, D. W. (2009). The Hierarchy of Strengths: Their Relationships with Subjective Wellbeing Among Chinese Teachers in Hong Kong. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(6), 867–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.01.010
  • Chester, D. S., & Dewall, C. N. (2017). Combating the Sting of Rejection with the Pleasure of Revenge: A New Look at How Emotion Shapes Aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(3), 413. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000080
  • Cioni, P. F. (2009). Hate, Revenge and Forgiveness: A Healthy, Ego-Strengthenıng Alternatıve to the Experıence of Offense. Nova Science Publishers.
  • Costa, P., & Mccrae, R. R. (2006). Age Changes in Personality and Their Origins: Comment on Roberts, Walton, and Viechtbauer (2006). Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 26–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.26
  • Cottee, S. (2020). Incel (E) Motives: Resentment, Shame and Revenge. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 44(2), 93-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1822589
  • Datu, J. A. D. (2014). Forgiveness, Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being Among Filipino Adolescents. International Journal for The Advancement of Counselling, 36(3), 262- 273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-013-9205-9
  • Davis, D. E., Ho, M. Y., Griffin, B. J., Bell, C., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., ... & Westbrook, C. J. (2015). Forgiving The Self and Physical and Mental Health Correlates: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 329. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000063
  • Devrim-Yılmaz, Ö. (2014). Algılanan Mağduriyetin Affetme Eğilimi Ve İntikam Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisi: Konaklama İşletmeleri Çalışanlarına Yönelik Bir Araştırma. AKÜ İİBF Dergisi. 14(1), 87-105. DOI: 10.5578/jeas.7489
  • Diblasio, F. A. (2000). Decision-Based Forgiveness Treatment in Cases of Marital Infidelity. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 37(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087834
  • Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping Clients Forgive: An Empirical Guide for Resolving Anger and Restoring Hope. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10381-000
  • Enright, R. D., Eastin, D. L., Golden, S., Sarinopoulos, I., & Freedman, S. (1991). Interpersonal Forgiveness Within the Helping Professions: An Attempt to Resolve Differences of Opinion. Counseling and Values, 36(2), 84-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007x.1991.tb00966.x
  • Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. (2002). Forgiveness in Marriage: Implications for Psychological Aggression and Constructive Communication. Personal Relationships, 9(3), 239-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00016
  • Fitness, J. (2001). Betrayal, Rejection, Revenge and Forgiveness: An Interpersonal Script Approach. In Interpersonal Rejection, Ed. MR Leary, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 73-103.
  • Freedman, S. R., & Enright, R. D. (1996). Forgiveness As An İntervention Goal with Incest Survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 983–992. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.983
  • Gassin, E. (1998). Children, Adolescents, and Forgiveness. The World of Forgiveness, 2(1), 4-8.
  • Gauche, M., & Mullet, E. (2005). Do We Forgive Physical Aggression in the Same Way That We Forgive Psychological Aggression? Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 31(6): 559-570. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20108
  • Gordon, K. C., Hughes, F. M., Tomcik, N. D., Dixon, L. J., & Litzinger, S. C. (2009). Widening Spheres of Impact: The Role of Forgiveness in Marital and Family Functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014354
  • Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-Forgiveness: The Stepchild of Forgiveness Research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621.
  • Hamamcı, Z., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2003). İlişkilerle İlgili Bilişsel Çarpıtmalar Ölçeği: Ölçeğin Geliştirilmesi ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(25), 107-111.
  • Karremans, J. C., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2004). Back to Caring after Being Hurt: The Role of Forgiveness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 207-227. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.192
  • Kaya, Ö. S. (2019). Kişiler Arası İlişkilerde Affetme Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. İlköğretim Online, 1244-1259. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.611538
  • Kim, S. H., & Smith, R. H. (1993). Revenge and Conflict Escalation. Negot. 9, 37.
  • Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1998). The Relationship Between Social Connectedness and Anxiety, Self-Esteem, and Social Identity [Editorial]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.338
  • Martella, R. C., Nelson, R.C., Morgan, R. L., & Marchand Martella, N. E. (2013). Understanding and Interpreting Educational Research. Guilford Press.
  • Martin, R., & Young, J. (2010). Schema Therapy. Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies, New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Mccullough, M. E., Exline, J. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). An Annotated Bibliography of Research on Forgiveness and Related Concepts. Dimensions of Forgiveness: Psychological Research and Theological Perspectives, 1, 193-317.
  • Mccullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (2000). Forgiveness: Theory, Research, and Practice. Guilford Press.
  • Mccullough, M. E., Sandage, S. J., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (1997). To Forgive is Human: How to put Your Past in the Past. Inter Varsity Press.
  • Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2011). Forgiveness: A Cognitive‐Motivational Anatomy. Journal for The Theory of Social Behaviour, 41(3), 260-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2011.00465.x
  • Mullet, E., Neto, F., & Riviere, S. (2005). Personality and Its Effects on Resentment, Revenge, and Forgiveness and on Self-Forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of Forgiveness. Brunner-Routledge,159–182.
  • Özbaş, A. A., Sayın, A., & Coşar, B. (2012). Üniversite Sınavına Hazırlanan Öğrencilerde Sınav Öncesi Anksiyete Düzeyi ile Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şema İlişkilerinin İncelenmesi. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(2), 81-89.
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Examination of the Relationship Among Early Maladaptive Schemas, Forgiveness in Interpersonal Relationships and Vengeance

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 61 Sayı: 61, 1 - 26

Öz

This study was conducted to reveal the predictive power of early maladaptive schemas on the level of forgiveness in interpersonal relationships and revenge. In this study, which was conducted with 398 participants (283 women and 115 men), the relational survey model was used. Data were collected through “Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form-3 (YSQ-SF3)”, “Interpersonal Forgiveness Scale”, and “Revenge Scale”. In the analysis of the data, Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between early maladaptive schemas, forgiveness and revenge level in interpersonal relationships, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether early maladaptive schemas significantly predict forgiveness and revenge level in interpersonal relationships. When the findings of the study are examined, it was seen that social isolation/insecurity, high standards and vulnerability schema sub-dimensions positively and significantly predicted revenge; while the self-sacrifice sub-dimension negatively and significantly predicted revenge. Early maladaptive schema sub-dimensions were found to explain 21.1% of the total variance of revenge. Pessimism, privilege/ insufficient self-control and emotional deprivation schema sub-dimensions negatively affect forgiveness in interpersonal relations; self-sacrifice, punishment and abandonment sub-dimensions were found to positively predict forgiveness at a significant level. Early maladaptive schemas were found to explain 13.1% of the total variance of forgiveness in interpersonal relationships. Accordingly, early maladaptive schemas were found to be a significant variable in explaining forgiveness in ınterpersonal relationships and vengeance.

Kaynakça

  • Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2001). How Employees Respond to Personal Offense: The Effects of Blame Attribution, Victim Status, and Offender Status on Revenge and Reconciliation in the Workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 52. https://Doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.52
  • Berry, J. W., Worthington Jr, E. L., O'Connor, L. E., Parrott III, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, Vengeful Rumination, and Affective Traits. Journal of Personality, 73(1), 183-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00308.x
  • Brewer, G., Hunt, D., James, G., & Abell, L. (2015). Dark Triad Traits, Infidelity and Romantic Revenge. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 122-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.007
  • Brown, R. P. (2004). Vengeance is Mine: Narcissism, Vengeance, and the Tendency to Forgive. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(6), 576-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2003.10.003
  • Carlsmith, K. M., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). The Paradoxical Consequences of Revenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1316. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012165
  • Chan, D. W. (2009). The Hierarchy of Strengths: Their Relationships with Subjective Wellbeing Among Chinese Teachers in Hong Kong. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(6), 867–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.01.010
  • Chester, D. S., & Dewall, C. N. (2017). Combating the Sting of Rejection with the Pleasure of Revenge: A New Look at How Emotion Shapes Aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(3), 413. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000080
  • Cioni, P. F. (2009). Hate, Revenge and Forgiveness: A Healthy, Ego-Strengthenıng Alternatıve to the Experıence of Offense. Nova Science Publishers.
  • Costa, P., & Mccrae, R. R. (2006). Age Changes in Personality and Their Origins: Comment on Roberts, Walton, and Viechtbauer (2006). Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 26–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.26
  • Cottee, S. (2020). Incel (E) Motives: Resentment, Shame and Revenge. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 44(2), 93-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1822589
  • Datu, J. A. D. (2014). Forgiveness, Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being Among Filipino Adolescents. International Journal for The Advancement of Counselling, 36(3), 262- 273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-013-9205-9
  • Davis, D. E., Ho, M. Y., Griffin, B. J., Bell, C., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., ... & Westbrook, C. J. (2015). Forgiving The Self and Physical and Mental Health Correlates: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 329. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000063
  • Devrim-Yılmaz, Ö. (2014). Algılanan Mağduriyetin Affetme Eğilimi Ve İntikam Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisi: Konaklama İşletmeleri Çalışanlarına Yönelik Bir Araştırma. AKÜ İİBF Dergisi. 14(1), 87-105. DOI: 10.5578/jeas.7489
  • Diblasio, F. A. (2000). Decision-Based Forgiveness Treatment in Cases of Marital Infidelity. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 37(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087834
  • Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping Clients Forgive: An Empirical Guide for Resolving Anger and Restoring Hope. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10381-000
  • Enright, R. D., Eastin, D. L., Golden, S., Sarinopoulos, I., & Freedman, S. (1991). Interpersonal Forgiveness Within the Helping Professions: An Attempt to Resolve Differences of Opinion. Counseling and Values, 36(2), 84-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007x.1991.tb00966.x
  • Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. (2002). Forgiveness in Marriage: Implications for Psychological Aggression and Constructive Communication. Personal Relationships, 9(3), 239-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00016
  • Fitness, J. (2001). Betrayal, Rejection, Revenge and Forgiveness: An Interpersonal Script Approach. In Interpersonal Rejection, Ed. MR Leary, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 73-103.
  • Freedman, S. R., & Enright, R. D. (1996). Forgiveness As An İntervention Goal with Incest Survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 983–992. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.983
  • Gassin, E. (1998). Children, Adolescents, and Forgiveness. The World of Forgiveness, 2(1), 4-8.
  • Gauche, M., & Mullet, E. (2005). Do We Forgive Physical Aggression in the Same Way That We Forgive Psychological Aggression? Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 31(6): 559-570. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20108
  • Gordon, K. C., Hughes, F. M., Tomcik, N. D., Dixon, L. J., & Litzinger, S. C. (2009). Widening Spheres of Impact: The Role of Forgiveness in Marital and Family Functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014354
  • Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-Forgiveness: The Stepchild of Forgiveness Research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621.
  • Hamamcı, Z., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2003). İlişkilerle İlgili Bilişsel Çarpıtmalar Ölçeği: Ölçeğin Geliştirilmesi ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(25), 107-111.
  • Karremans, J. C., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2004). Back to Caring after Being Hurt: The Role of Forgiveness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 207-227. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.192
  • Kaya, Ö. S. (2019). Kişiler Arası İlişkilerde Affetme Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. İlköğretim Online, 1244-1259. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.611538
  • Kim, S. H., & Smith, R. H. (1993). Revenge and Conflict Escalation. Negot. 9, 37.
  • Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1998). The Relationship Between Social Connectedness and Anxiety, Self-Esteem, and Social Identity [Editorial]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.338
  • Martella, R. C., Nelson, R.C., Morgan, R. L., & Marchand Martella, N. E. (2013). Understanding and Interpreting Educational Research. Guilford Press.
  • Martin, R., & Young, J. (2010). Schema Therapy. Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies, New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Mccullough, M. E., Exline, J. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). An Annotated Bibliography of Research on Forgiveness and Related Concepts. Dimensions of Forgiveness: Psychological Research and Theological Perspectives, 1, 193-317.
  • Mccullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (2000). Forgiveness: Theory, Research, and Practice. Guilford Press.
  • Mccullough, M. E., Sandage, S. J., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (1997). To Forgive is Human: How to put Your Past in the Past. Inter Varsity Press.
  • Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2011). Forgiveness: A Cognitive‐Motivational Anatomy. Journal for The Theory of Social Behaviour, 41(3), 260-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2011.00465.x
  • Mullet, E., Neto, F., & Riviere, S. (2005). Personality and Its Effects on Resentment, Revenge, and Forgiveness and on Self-Forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of Forgiveness. Brunner-Routledge,159–182.
  • Özbaş, A. A., Sayın, A., & Coşar, B. (2012). Üniversite Sınavına Hazırlanan Öğrencilerde Sınav Öncesi Anksiyete Düzeyi ile Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şema İlişkilerinin İncelenmesi. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(2), 81-89.
  • Peleg, D., Hochman, G., Levine, T., Klar, Y., & Ayal, S. (2021). Revenge is Not Blind: Testing the Ability of Retribution to Justify Dishonesty. Judgment and Decision Making, 16(6), 1525-1548. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500008536
  • Rafaeli, E., Bernstein, D. P., & Young, J. (2011). Schema Therapy: Distinctive Features. NYC: Routledge, 13.
  • Rhein, D., & Sukawatana, P. (2015). Thai University Student Schemas and Anxiety Symptomatology. International Education Studies, 8(7), 108-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n7p108
  • Roediger, E., Stevens, B. A., & Brockman, R. (2018). Contextual Schema Therapy: An Integrative Approach to Personality Disorders, Emotional Dysregulation and Interpersonal Functioning. New Harbinger.
  • Satıcı S.A., Can G., & Akın A. (2015). İntikam Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(1), 36 - 43. https://dx.doi.org/10.5455/apd.170563
  • Satıcı, S. A. (2016). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Affetme, İntikam, Sosyal Bağlılık ve Öznel İyi Oluşları: Farklı Yapısal Modellerin Denenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma (Doktora Tezi). Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Satıcı, S. A., Uysal, R., & Akın, A. (2014). Forgiveness and Vengeance: The Mediating Role of Gratitude. Psychological Reports, 114(1), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.09.PR0.114k11w9
  • Seçer, İ. (2013). SPSS ve LISREL ile Pratik Veri Analizi & Analiz ve Raporlaştırma. Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Shnabel, N., & Nadler, A. (2008). A Needs-Based Model of Reconciliation: Satisfying The Differential Emotional Needs of Victim and Perpetrator as A Key to Promoting Reconciliation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.116
  • Soygüt Pekak, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A. & Çakır, Z. (2009). Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şemaların Değerlendirilmesi: Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3'ün Psikometrik Özelliklerine İlişkin Bir İnceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(1), 75 – 84
  • Stuckless, N., & Goranson, R. (1992). The Vengeance Scale: Development of a Measure of Attitudes Toward Revenge. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7(1), 25.
  • Sümbüloğlu, K., & Akdağ, B. (2007). Regresyon Yöntemleri ve Korelasyon Analizi. Hatiboğlu Yayıncılık.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
  • Thau, S., Aquino, K., & Wittek, R. (2007). An Extension of Uncertainty Management Theory to the Self: The Relationship Between Justice, Social Comparison Orientation, and Antisocial Work Behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.250
  • Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., ... & Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
  • Tsang, J. A., Mccullough, M. E., & Fincham, F. D. (2006). The Longitudinal Association Between Forgiveness and Relationship Closeness and Commitment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(4), 448-472. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.4.448
  • Van Doorn, J. (2018). Anger, Feelings of Revenge, and Hate. Emotion Review, 10(4), 321-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918783260
  • Worthington, E. L. & Wade, N. G. (1999). The Psychology Of Unforgiveness And Forgiveness And İmplications For Clinical Practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 385-418.
  • Yalçın, İ., & Malkoç, A. (2015). The Relationship Between Meaning in Life and Subjective Well-Being: Forgiveness and Hope as Mediators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 915-929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9540-5
  • Young, J. E. (1998). Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form. Cognitive Therapy And Research. Cognitive Therapy Center.
  • Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders: A Schema-Focused Approach (Rev. Ed.). Professional Resources Press.
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2006). Schema Therapy: A Practitioner's Guide. Guilford Press.
  • Young, J., & Klosko, J. (2013). Hayatı Yeniden Keşfedin (3. B.). (Çev. S. Kohen ve D. Güler), Psikonet Yayınları.
  • Zadahmad, M., & Torkan, H. (2016). Investigation of the Multiple Relationships Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Coping Styles with Anxiety. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches, 2(1), 49.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikolojik Danışmanlık Eğitimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hanife Sena Ulaş Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4564-8444

Neslihan Yaman 0000-0003-0324-2390

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Ocak 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 7 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 61 Sayı: 61

Kaynak Göster

APA Ulaş, H. S., & Yaman, N. (2025). Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şemalar, Kişiler Arası İlişkilerde Affetme ve İntikam Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 61(61), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.1503028