TÜRK HALKLARININ İDEAL LİDERLİK TARZI ÜZERİNE EMİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 54, 403 - 414, 02.01.2023

Ufuk Başar

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1130228

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Türk halklarının ideal liderlik prototipini belirlemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türk ülkelerinden toplam 224 katılımcı ile yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar yapılmıştır. Katılımcıların 40'ı Azerbaycan'dan, 38'i Kazakistan'dan, 33'ü Kırgızistan'dan, 40'ı Türkiye'den, 34'ü Türkmenistan’dan ve 39'u Özbekistan'dandır. Araştırmanın verisi içerik analizi tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, Türklerin ideal liderlik prototipinin karizmatik ve babacan olmak üzere iki ana bileşenden oluştuğunu göstermiştir. Karizmatik bileşen, vizyoner, teşvik edici, akıllı, cesur ve çekici olmak üzere beş temadan veya boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Babacan bileşen ise erdemli, ilgili ve otoriter olmak üzere üç temadan veya boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Her tema veya boyut, çeşitli liderlik niteliklerinden/kodlardan oluşmaktadır. Bu suretle Türk halklarının ortak ideal liderlik tarzı bilindiği kadarıyla ilk kez tanımlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Liderlik, İdeal liderlik, Liderlik prototipi, Türk halkları, Türk devletleri

AN EMIC RESEARCH ON THE IDEAL LEADERSHIP STYLE OF TURKIC PEOPLE

Öz

The aim of this emic research was to identify the ideal leadership prototype of Turkic people. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 224 participants from Turkic countries. Of the participants, 40 were from Azerbaijan, 38 were from Kazakhstan, 33 were from Kyrgyzstan, 40 were from Turkey, 34 were from Turkmenistan, and 39 were from Uzbekistan. The data were analyzed through the content analysis technique. Findings indicated that the ideal leadership prototype of Turkic people consisted of two main components: charismatic and paternalistic. The charismatic component comprised five themes or dimensions: visionary, stimulating, smart, brave, and charming. The paternalistic component comprised three themes or dimensions: virtuous, caring, and authoritative. Each theme or dimension consisted of several leadership qualities/codes. In this way, as far as is known, for the first time, the common ideal leadership style of Turkic people has been identified.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Leadership, Ideal leadership, Leadership prototype, Turkic people, Turkic states

Kaynakça

• Arslan, M. (2001). “A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Achievement and Power Orientation as Leadership Dimensions in Three European Countries: Britain, Ireland, and Turkey”, Business Ethics: A European Review, 10/4, 340-345.
• Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller J., Stahl, G., Kurshid, A. (2000). “Impact of Culture on Human Resource Management Practices: A 10-Country Comparison”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49/1, 192-221.
• Aycan, Z. and Fikret-Paşa, S. (2003). “Career Choices, Job Selection Criteria, and Leadership Preferences in a Transitional Nation: The Case of Turkey”, Journal of Career Development, 30/2, 129-144.
• Aycan, Z. (2006). “Paternalism: Towards Conceptual Refinement and Operationalization”, Indigenous and Cultural Psychology: Understanding People in Context, (Ed: Kim, U. et al.), Springer, Boston.
• Aycan, Z. (2008). “Cross-Cultural Approaches to Leadership”, The Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management Research, (Ed: Smith, P. B. et al.), Sage.
• Aycan, Z. (2014). “Paternalistic Leadership”, Encyclopedia of Management Vol. 6., (Ed: Cooper, C.), Wiley & Sons.
• Boyacıgiller, N. A. and Adler, N. J. (1991). “The Parochial Dinosaur: Organizational Science in a Global Context”, Academy of Management Review, 16/2, 262-290.
• Brodbeck, F. C. et al. (2000). “Cultural Variation of Leadership Prototypes Across 22 European Countries”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73/1, 1-29.
• Conger, J. A., Kanungo, R. N., and Menon, S. T. (2000). “Charismatic Leadership and Follower Effects”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21/7, 747-767.
• Den Hartog, D. N. et al. (1999). Culture Specific and Cross-Culturally Generalizable Implicit Leadership Theories: Are Attributes of Charismatic/Transformational Leadership Universally Endorsed?”, Leadership Quarterly, 10/2, 219-256.
• Dorfman, P. W., Hibino, S., Lee, J. K., Tate, U., and Bautista, A. (1997). “Leadership in Western and Asian Countries: Commonalities and Differences in Effective Leadership Processes Across Cultures”, Leadership Quarterly, 8/3, 233–274.
• Dorfman, P. W., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., Dastmalchian, A., and House, R. (2012). “GLOBE: A Twenty Year Journey into The Intriguing World of Culture and Leadership”, Journal of World Business, 47/4, 504-518.
• Ensari, N. and Murphy, S. E. (2003). Cross-Cultural Variations in Leadership Perceptions and Attribution of Charisma to The Leader”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 92/1-2, 52–66.
• Garibova, J. (2011). “A Pan-Turkic Dream: Language Unification of Turks”, Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts Volume 2, (Ed: Fishman, J. A. and Garcia, O.), Oxford University Press.
• Gerstner, C. R. and Day, D. D. (1994). “Cross-Cultural Comparison of Leadership Prototypes”, Leadership Quarterly, 5/2, 121–134.
• Golden, P. B. (1992). An Introduction to The History of The Turkic Peoples, Otto Harrassowitz.
• Golden, P. B. (1998). “Turkic Peoples: A Historical Sketch”, The Turkic Languages, (Ed: Johanson, L. and Csato, E. A.), Routledge.
• Hall, E. T. and Hall, M. R. (1990). Understanding Cultural Differences, Intercultural Press.
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Sage.
• Hofstede, G. and Bond, M. H. (1988). “The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth”, Organizational Dynamics, 16/4, 5–21.
• Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations, Sage.
• House, R., Javidan, M., and Dorfman, P. (2001). “Project GLOBE: An introduction”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50/4, 489-505.
• Jackofsky, E. F., Slocum, J. W., and McQuaid, S. J. (1988). “Cultural Values and the CEO: Alluring Companions?”, Academy of Management Executive, 2/1, 39-49.
• Kabasakal, H. and Dastmalchian, A. (2001). “Introduction to The Special Issue on Leadership and Culture in The Middle East”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50/4, 479-488.
• Kabasakal, H. and Bodur, M. (2002). “Arabic Cluster: A Bridge between East and West”, Journal of World Business, 37/1, 40–54.
• Kabasakal, H., Dastmalchian, A., Karaçay, G., and Bayraktar, S. (2012). “Leadership and Culture in The MENA Region: An Analysis of The GLOBE Project”, Journal of World Business, 47/4, 519-529.
• Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. and Gümüşlüoğlu, L. (2013). “Dönüştürücü Liderliğin Türkiye Bağlaminda Yeniden Kavramsallaştirilmasi”, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 28/72, 105-124.
• Kenney, R. A., Blascovich, J., and Shaver, P. R. (1994). “Implicit Leadership Theories: Prototypes for New Leaders”, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15/4, 409–437.
• Kluckhohn, F. R. and Strodtbeck, F. L. (1976). Variations in Value Orientations, Greenwood Press.
• Kostik, Z., Şahin, B., Demir, C., Kavuncubaşı, Ş., and Şen, D. (2005). “An Evaluation of The Leadership Attitudes of Managers in Turkish Armed Forces' Hospitals”, Military Medicine, 170/3, 247-250.
• Krippendorf, K. (1980). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, Sage Publications.
• Lord, R. G., de Vader, C. L., and Alliger, G. M. (1986). “A Meta-Analysis of The Relation between Personality Traits and Leadership Perceptions: An Application of Validity Generalization Procedures”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71/3, 402–410.
• Meindl, J. R., Ehrlich, S. B., and Dukerich, J. M. (1985). “The Romance of Leadership”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 30/1, 78–102.
• Özbilgin, M. F. (2011). Leadership in Turkey: Towards an Evidence Based and Contextual Approach”, Leadership Development in The Middle East, (Ed: Metcalfe, B. D. and Mimouni, F.), Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Pagda, Z., Bayraktar, S., and Jimenez, A. (2021). “Exploring Culture and Leadership After 23 years: A Replication of GLOBE Project in Turkey”, Journal of International Management, 27/1, 1-17.
• Paşa, S. F., Kabasakal, H., and Bodur, M. (2001). “Society, Organisations, and Leadership in Turkey”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50/4, 559-589.
• Pellegrini, E. K. and Scandura, T. A. (2008). “Paternalistic Leadership: A Review and Agenda for Future Research”, Journal of Management, 34/3, 566-593.
• Schwartz, S. H. (1999). “A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48/1, 23-47.
• Shaw, J. B. (1990). “A Cognitive Categorization Model for The Study of Intercultural Management”, Academy of Management Review, 15/4, 626–645.
• Shondrick, S. J., Dinh, J. E., and Lord, R. G. (2010). “Developments in Implicit Leadership Theory and Cognitive Science: Applications to Improving Measurement and Understanding Alternatives to Hierarchical Leadership”, The Leadership Quarterly, 21/6, 959-978.
• Trompenaars, F. and Hampden-Turner, C. (1998). Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, McGraw-Hill.
• Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society. An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, (Ed: Roth, G. and Wittich, C.), University of California Press.
• Yörük, D., Dündar, S., and Topçu, B. (2011). “Türkiye’deki Belediye Başkanlarının Liderlik Tarzı ve Liderlik Tarzını Etkileyen Faktörler”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 11/1, 103-109.
• Yukl, G. (1989). “Managerial Leadership: A Review of Theory and Research”, Journal of Management, 15/2, 251-289.