Examination of the Effectiveness of School Leadership: A Second-order Meta-analysis Study

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 796 - 824, 30.12.2023

Metin Kaya

https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1115062

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of school leadership by exploring the relationships between various school leadership models and practices and different school outcomes, including organizational, teacher, and student outcomes. Data for this study were retrieved from multiple databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, Academic Search Ultimate, and TR Dizin-Turkish national index. The analysis synthesized findings from 23 meta-analysis studies, utilizing second-order meta-analysis with the random-effects model. The study revealed a significantly positive relationship between school leadership and school outcomes, with a high level of correlation (mean effect size: 0.46). Additionally, this relationship varied significantly based on the type of school leadership, school outcome, and the quality of the studies conducted.

Keywords

School leadership, school leadership effectiveness, school outcome, second-order meta-analysis

References

• Akar, H. (2018). Meta-analysis study on organizational outcomes of ethical leadership. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 13(4), 6-25.https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2018.178.1*
• Akın-Mart, Ö. & Tulunay-Ateş, Ö. (2021). Investigation of technological leadership of the school administrators in Turkey: A meta-analysis study. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 10(1), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/buefad.740794.*
• Alanoglu, M. (2021). The role of instructional leadership in increasing teacher self-efficacy: a meta-analytic review. Asia Pacific Education Review, 1-12.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-021-09726-5*
• Alanoğlu, M., & Karabatak, S. (2022). The Relationship between school administrators’ leadership traits and learning schools: A Meta-analysis study. Participatory Educational Research, 9(3), 403-427.http://dx.doi.org/10.17275/per.22.73.9.3*
• Armağan, Y., & Erzen, E. (2015). The effect of leadership on organizational justice. E. Karadağ (ed.) In Leadership and organizational outcomes (pp. 239-254). Springer, Cham.*
• Balwant, P. T. (2016). Transformational instructor‐leadership in higher education teaching: A meta‐analytic review and research agenda. Journal of leadership studies, 9(4), 20-42.https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21423*
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., & Rothstein, H. R. (2011). Introduction to meta-analysis. West Sussex:John Wiley & Sons.
• Bush, T., & Glover, D. (2014). School leadership models: What do we know?. School Leadership & Management, 34(5), 553-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2014.928680
• Cakmak, E., Öztekin, Ö., & Karadağ, E. (2015). The effect of leadership on job satisfaction. E. Karadağ (ed.) In Leadership and organizational outcomes (pp. 29-56). Springer, Cham.*
• Cooper, H., & Koenka, A. C. (2012). The overview of reviews: Unique challenges and opportunities when research syntheses are the principal elements of new integrative scholarship. American Psychologist, 67(6), 446-462. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027119
• Çoğaltay, N., & Karadağ, E. (2016). The effect of educational leadership on organizational variables: A meta– analysis study in the sample of Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 16, 603-646.https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2016.2.2519*
• Danişman, Ş., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., & Karadağ, E. (2015). The effect of leadership on organizational performance. E. Karadağ (ed.) In Leadership and organizational outcomes (pp. 143-168). Springer, Cham.*
• Derue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N. E. D., & Humphrey, S. E. (2011). Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta‐analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel psychology, 64(1), 7-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01201.x
• Ertem, H., Y. (2021). Relationship of school leadership with school outcomes: A meta-analysis study. International Education Studies, 14(5), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v14n5p31.*
• Goktas, E. (2021). Effectiveness correlates of school leadership styles and teachers’ job satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 13(4), 1023-1044.DOI: https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2021.04.006*
• Gümüş, S., Bellibaş, M. S., Esen, M., & Gümüş, E. (2018). A systematic review of studies on leadership models in educational research from 1980 to 2014. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(1), 25-48.
• Hendriks M., Steen, R. (2012). Results from School Leadership Effectiveness Studies (2005–2010). J. Scheerens (Ed) In. School Leadership Effects Revisited. SpringerBriefs in Education. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2768-7_4
• Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S., G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 327(7414), 557-560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
• Huber, S.,G., Muijs D. (2010). School Leadership Effectiveness: The Growing Insight in the Importance of School Leadership for the Quality and Development of Schools and Their Pupils. Huber S. (Ed) In School Leadership - International Perspectives. Studies in Educational Leadership, vol 10. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3501-1_4
• İşçi, S., Cakmak, E., & Karadağ, E. (2015). The effect of leadership on organizational climate. E. Karadağ (ed.) In Leadership and organizational outcomes (pp. 123-141). Springer, Cham.*
• Jin, Z. C., Zhou, X. H., & He, J. (2015). Statistical methods for dealing with publication bias in meta‐analysis. Statistics in medicine, 34(2), 343-360. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6342
• Karadag, E. (2020). The effect of educational leadership on students’ achievement: A cross-cultural meta-analysis research on studies between 2008 and 2018. Asia Pacific Education Review, 21(1), 49-64.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-019-09612-1*
• Karadağ, E., Çiftçi, Ş. K., & Bektaş, F. (2015). Discussion, limitations and suggestions. E. Karadağ (ed.) In Leadership and organizational outcomes (pp. 255-267). Springer, Cham.
• Koçyiğit, M. (2015). The effect of leadership on organizational culture. .E. Karadağ (ed.) In Leadership and Organizational Outcomes (pp. 111-122). Springer, Cham.*
• Köybaşı Şemin, F. (2022). The relationship between transformational leadership and organizational learning in educational organizations: A meta-analysis study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 37(1), 204-214. doi:http://dx.10.16986/HUJE.2020064441
• Krüger, M., & Scheerens, J. (2012). Conceptual perspectives on school leadership. J. Scheerens,(Ed) In School leadership effects revisited (pp. 1-30). Springer, Dordrecht.
• Kung et.al. (2010). From systematic reviews to clinical recommendations for evidence-based health care: Validation of revised assessment of multiple systematic reviews (R-AMSTAR) for grading of clinical relevance. The open dentistry journal, 4, 84-91. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601004020084
• Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School leadership & management, 40(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077
• Liebowitz, D. D., & Porter, L. (2019). The effect of principal behaviors on student, teacher, and school outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Review of Educational Research, 89(5), 785-827.https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319866133*
• Mumford, M. D., & Barrett, J. D. (2013). Leader effectiveness: Who really is the leader? In M. G. Rumsey (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of leadership (pp. 423-438) Oxford University Press. https://10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398793.013.0025
• Oh, I., S. (2020). Beyond meta-analysis: Secondary uses of meta-analytic data. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, 125-153. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-045006
• Öztekin, Ö., İşçi, S., & Karadağ, E. (2015). The effect of leadership on organizational commitment. E. Karadağ (Ed.) In Leadership and Organizational Outcomes (pp. 57-79). Springer, Cham.*
• Öztürk, C., & Ay, Y. (2015). The effect of leadership on organizational citizenship.E. Karadağ (Ed.) In Leadership and Organizational Outcomes (pp. 97-109). Springer, Cham.*
• Scheerens, J. (2012a). Anatomy of some representative school leaders’ effectiveness studies. J. Scheerens,(Ed.).In School Leadership Effects Revisited (pp. 45-64). Springer, Dordrecht.
• Scheerens, J. (2012b). Summary and conclusion: Instructional leadership in schools as loosely coupled organizations. J. Scheerens,(Ed.) In School leadership effects revisited (pp. 131-152). Springer, Dordrecht.
• Schmidt, F.,L. & Oh, I,. S. (2013). Methods for second-order meta-analysis and illustrative applications. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 121(2): 204–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.03.002
• Shen, J., Wu, H., Reeves, P., Zheng, Y., Ryan, L., & Anderson, D. (2020). The association between teacher leadership and student achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 31, 100357.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100357*
• Sutresna, W. B. O., & Wijayanti, W. (2020). Relationship between principal transformational leadership and teacher performance: A meta analysıs. European Journal of Education Studies, 7(9),https://doi.org/334-343.10.46827/ejes.v7i9.3273.*
• Tan, C. Y., Dimmock, C., & Walker, A. (2021). How school leadership practices relate to student outcomes: Insights from a three-level meta-analysis. Educational Management Administration &Leadership, 17411432211061445. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432211061445*
• Tan, C. Y., Gao, L., & Shi, M. (2020). Second-order meta-analysis synthesizing the evidence on associations between school leadership and different school outcomes. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 1741143220935456. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220935456
• Uslu, F., & Oklay, E. (2015). The effect of leadership on organizational trust.E. Karadağ (ed.) In Leadership and organizational outcomes (pp. 81-95). Springer, Cham.*
• Uysal, S., & Sarier, Y. (2019). Teacher leadership effects on student achievement and student satisfaction: A meta-analysis of the studies published in turkey and the usa. Croatian Journal of Education, 21(3), 989-1010.https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v21i3.3257*
• Wu, H., & Shen, J. (2021). The association between principal leadership and student achievement: A multivariate meta-meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 100423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100423
• Yılmaz, E., & Jafarova, G. (2019). Leadership and school climate in effective schools: A meta-analysis. Journal of Economic Sciences: Theory & Practice, 76(1), 48-69*