Democratic Exit from the Crisis: The Developments in Iceland Politics between 2008-2017

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 39, 187 - 203, 31.01.2019

Yavuz Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2019.01.11

Cited By: 2

Öz

Iceland experienced the 2008 economic crisis intensely as the banking system collapsed. The various developments ocurred in the country over the past decade, such as a new constitution making process, the loss of legitimacy of the long-running ruling parties, the formation of new parties, the rise of old minor parties, frequently renewal of elections, coalition building efforts, referendums on debts and EU membership. The study aims to explain how democratic claims in Iceland govern economic crisis and change the established political spectrum. Icelandic politics, with its peaceful street demonstrations and the possibility of institutional new political construction, has brought democracy beyond the liberal democracy. This tiny island is a concrete case that the economic crisis can be overcome by staying within the democratic initially announced as collapse, explosion, melting.

Anahtar Kelimeler

2008 Crisis, Iceland, European Politics, Participatory Democracy, Left-Green Movement, Left-Green Movement

Krizden Demokratik Çıkış: İzlanda Siyasetinde 2008-2017 Arası Gelişmeler

Öz

İzlanda, bankacılık sisteminin çökmesiyle 2008 ekonomik krizini çok şiddetli biçimde deneyimledi. Ülkede son on yıl içinde yeni anayasa yapım süreci, uzun süredir iktidarda olan partilerin meşruiyet kaybı, yeni partilerin oluşumu, eski küçük partilerin yükselişi, sıklıkla yenilenen seçimler, koalisyon kurma çabaları, kriz ve AB üyeliği konularındaki referandumlar gibi çeşitli gelişmeler yaşandı. Çalışma İzlanda’da demokratik taleplerin ekonomik krizi nasıl yönettiğini ve yerleşik siyasal yelpazeyi nasıl değiştirdiğini açıklamaktadır. Gerek barışçıl sokak gösterilerine gerekse kurumsal açıdan yeni siyasi yapılara olanak tanıyan İzlanda siyaseti, demokrasi anlayışını liberal demokratik işleyişin ötesine taşıyabilmiştir. Bu küçük ada ülkesi, başlangıçta çöküş, patlama, erime olarak duyurulan ekonomik krizin demokratik çerçeve içinde kalarak aşılabileceğine dair somut bir örnek oluşturur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

2008 Krizi, İzlanda, Avrupa Siyaseti, Katılımcı Demokrasi, Sol-Yeşil Hareket, Sol-Yeşil Hareket

Kaynakça

• althingi.is (2017), Althingi, <http://www.althingi.is/pdf/Althingi2017_enska.pdf> , Erişim: 15.02.2018.
• bbc.co.uk (2009), Timeline: Iceland Economic Crisis, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7851853.stm>, 02.02.2009, Erişim: 15.02.2018.
• bbc.com (2016), How Did Iceland Clean Up Its Banks?, <http://www.bbc.com/news/business-35485876> , 10.02.2016, Erişim: 17.02.2018.
• bbc.com (2017a), Iceland Government Collapses Over Paedophile Furore, <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41280080>, 15.09.2017, Erişim: 16.02.2018.
• bbc.com (2017b), Iceland's Left-Green Leader Jakobsdóttir Becomes New PM, <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-42175628> , 30.09.2017, Erişim: 16.02.2018.
• Benediktsson, K. ve Karlsdottir, A. (2011), “Iceland: Crisis And Regional Development – Thanks For All The Fish?”, European Urban and Regional Studies, 18(2), 228–235.
• Bergmann, E. (2014), Iceland and the International Financial Crisis: Boom, Bust and Recovery, New York: Palgrave.
• Bergmann, E. (2017), Nordic Nationalism and Right-Wing Populist Politics, New York: Palgrave.
• Bernburg, J. G. (2015). “Economic Crisis And Popular Protest In Iceland,”, Mobilization, 20(2): 231-252.
• Bernburg, J. G.(2016), Economic Crisis and Mass Protest: The Pots and Pans Revolution in Iceland, New York: Routledge.
• Bjarnason, M. (2010), Political Economy of Joining the European Union : Iceland's Position at the Beginning of the 21st Century, Amsterdam University Press.
• Björnsson, E. J. ve Valtysson, K. T. (2009), Financial Crisis in Iceland, <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.456.8094&rep=rep1&type=pdf>, December 2009, Erişim: 22.02.2018.
• Blokker, P. (2012), Grassroots Constitutional Politics in Iceland, <https://blokkerpaul.wordpress.com/2012/01/16/grassroots-constitutional-politics-in-iceland/> , 16.01.2016, Erişim: 18.02.2018.
• Boyes, R. (2009), Meltdown Iceland: How the Global Financial Crisis Bankupted an Entire Country, New York: Boomsbury.
• Burgess, S. ve Keating, C. (2013), “Occupy the Social Contract! Participatory Democracy and Iceland’s Crowd-Sourced Constitution”, New Political Science, 35(3), 417-431.
• Çağ, B. (2013), “Katılımcı Anayasa Yapımı ve İzlanda Örneği”, Yasama Dergisi, No. 25, 71-91.
• dw.com (2016), Huge Anti-Government Rally In Iceland Amid Panama Papers Scandal, <http://www.dw.com/en/huge-anti-government-rally-in-iceland-amid-panama-papers-scandal/a-19175680> , 09.04.2016, Erişim: 16.02.2018.
• Della Porta, D. (2013), Can Democracy Be Saved?: Participation, Deliberation And Social Movements, John Wiley & Sons.
• Della Porta, D. (2016), Where Did The Revolution Go?: Contentious Politics And The Quality Of Democracy, Cambridge University Press.
• europa.eu (2013), A Short History Of Alþingi - The Oldest Parliament In The World, <http://europa.eu/youth/is/article/61/4215_en> , Erişim: 15.02.2018.
• guardian.com (2017), Iceland seeks return to political stability with new prime minister, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/30/iceland-prime-minister-katrin-jakobsdottir-left-green-movement> , 30.11.2017, Erişim: 19.02.2018.
• Gylfason, T. (2012), “From Collapse to Constitution: The Case of Iceland”, CESIFO Working Paper, No. 3770, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2034241>.
• Henley, J. (2018), Iceland's new leader: 'People don't trust our politicians', <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/09/icelands-new-leader-people-dont-trust-icelandic-politicians> , 09.02.2018, Erişim: 20.02.2018.
• Ingimundarson, V.; Urfalino, P.; Erlingsdóttir, I. (eds.) (2016), Iceland’s Financial Crisis: The Politics of Blame, Protest, and Reconstruction, London: Routledge.
• icelandmag.is (2017a), Government Falls İn Shocking Scandal İnvolving One Of Iceland's Most Notorious Child Abuse Cases, <http://icelandmag.is/article/analysis-government-falls-shocking-scandal-involving-one-icelands-most-notorious-child-abuse>, 15.09.2017, Erişim: 16.02.2018.
• icelandmag.is (2017b), Dramatic Increase In Voter Turnout Among Young People In Iceland, <http://icelandmag.is/article/dramatic-increase-voter-turnout-among-young-people-iceland> , 21.12.2017, Erişim: 21.02.2018.
• icelandmag.is (2018), Iceland is World's Second Most Democratic Country, Study Finds, <http://icelandmag.is/article/iceland-worlds-second-most-democratic-country-study-finds> , 15.09.2018, Erişim: 21.02.2018.
• icelandmonitor.mbl.is (2016), More Protests Today: ‘This Government Must Go!’, <https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/04/05/more_protests_today_this_government_must_go/> , 05.04.2016, Erişim: 17.02.2018.
• icelandmonitor.mbl.is (2018), Iceland's pro-EU parties abandon their push for fresh EU accession talks, <https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2017/11/07/pro_eu_parties_abandon_push_for_fresh_eu_accession_/ >, 07.11.2017, Erişim: 21.02.2018.
• icelandreview.com (2009), Iceland’s Government to Cooperate with the Anthill, <http://icelandreview.com/news/2009/11/24/icelands-government-cooperate-anthill>, 24.11.2009, Erişim: 19.02.2018.
• icelandreview.com (2017a), Government’s Agenda Introduced, <http://icelandreview.com/news/2017/01/10/governments-agenda-introduced> , 10.01.2017, Erişim: 16.02.2018.
• icelandreview.com (2017b), Most Supported Government Since Banking Collapse, <http://icelandreview.com/news/2017/12/20/most-supported-government-banking-collapse>, 20.12.2017, Erişim: 19.02.2018.
• Jackson, James K. (2010), “Iceland’s Financial Crisis”,in Baron L. Whitley (ed.), European Response to the Financial Crisis, Nova Science Publishers Inc.
• Jonsson, A. ve Sigurgeirsson, H. (2016), The Icelandic Financial Crisis, London: Palgrave.
• Jonsson, G. (2014), “Iceland and the Nordic Model of Consensus Democracy”, Scandinavian Journal of History, 39(4), 510-528.
• Kristjansson, S. (2004), “Iceland: Searching for Democracy along, Three Dimensions of Citizen Control”, Scandinavian Political Studies, 27(2), 153-174.
• Landemore, H. (2015), “Inclusive Constitution making: The Icelandic Experiment”, Journal of Political Philosophy, 23(2), 166-191.
• Matthiasson, T. (2008), “Spinning Out Of Control, Iceland in Crisis”, Nordic Journal of Political Economy, Volume 34, 1-18.
• nytimes.com (2017), Iceland Goes to Polls Amid Scandals, Disgust and Distrust, <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/28/world/europe/iceland-elections-gunnlaugsson.html> , 28.10.2017, Erişim: 17.02.2018.
• Rose, A. K. ve Spiegel, M. M. (2012), “Cross-Country Causes And Consequences Of The 2008 Crisis: Early Warning”, Japan and the World Economy, 24(1), 1-16.
• Swinden, S. (2012), The ‘Pots And Pans Revolution’ In Iceland And Its Aftermath, <https://jhaines6.wordpress.com/2012/05/27/the-pots-and-pans-revolution-in-iceland-and-its-aftermath/>, 27.05.2012, Erişim: 20.02.2018.
• Tormey, S. (2015). The end of representative politics. John Wiley & Sons.
• Vg.is (2018), Election Manifesto, http://vg.is/english/, Erişim. 19.02.2018.
• Worth, Owen (2016), “The Battle For Hegemony: Resistance And Neoliberal Restructuring In Post-Crisis Europe”, Comparative European Politics,16(1), 126-142.