Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Demokrasinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 44, 27 - 40, 19.04.2020

Asiye Tütüncü

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.02

Cited By: 2

Öz

Küreselleşme hareketlerinin başlamasından sonra ülkelerin ekonomik büyümelerini etkileyen faktörler değişkenlik göstermiştir. Yapılan incelemelerde, iktisadi faktörlerin ekonomik büyümeyi açıklamakta, tek başına yetersiz kaldığı görülmüştür. Böylece, genellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde benimsen demokrasinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, 1992 - 2017 dönemi ele alınarak gelişmekte olan 24 ülke için demokrasinin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi Kónya (2006) panel nedensellik testi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Arjantin, Brezilya, Bulgaristan, Endonezya, Ermenistan, Malezya, Nijerya, Peru, Şili ve Türkiye için demokrasinin ekonomik büyümeyi negatif etkilediği; Çin, Gürcistan, Macaristan, Makedonya, Mısır, Romanya ve Rusya için demokrasinin ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif etkilediği; Azerbaycan, Güney Afrika, Hindistan, Paraguay ve Ukrayna için ise, demokrasi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında ilişki olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Demokrasi, Ekonomik Büyüme, Kónya (2006) Panel Nedensellik Testi

The Effect of Democracy on Economic Growth in Developing Countries

Öz

The factors effecting economic growth of countries change after globalization movements. Investigations have shown that the effects of economic factors on economic growth are not enough. Thus, the effect of the democracy adopted in developed countries on economic growth is being investigated. This study explores the effect of the democracy on economic growth using Kónya (2006) panel causality test in developing countries for 1992-2017. According to results, the effect of the democracy on economic growth is negatively in Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Indonesia, Armenia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Peru, Chile and Turkey; the effect of the democracy on economic growth is negatively in China, Georgia, Hungary, Macedonia, Egypt, Romania and Russia; there is no relationship between democracy and economic growth in Azerbaijan, South Africa, India, Paraguay and Ukraine.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Economic Growth, Democracy, Kónya (2006) Panel Causality Test

Kaynakça

• Acaravcı, A., Bozkurt, C. & Erdoğan, S. (2015), “MENA Ülkelerinde Demokrasi-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi”, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(4), 119-129.
• Acaravcı, A. & Erdoğan, S. (2015), “Türkiye’de Demokrasi, Reel Gelir Ve Dışa Açıklık Arasındaki Uzun Dönemli ve Nedensel İlişkiler”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(31), 358-370.
• Adejumobi, S. (2004), “Between Democracy and Development in Africa: What are the Missing Links?.”, http://www. worldbank. org/research/abcde/eu_2000/pdffiles/ADEJUMOBI. pdf, 05.02.2019.
• Aghion, P., Alesina, A. & Trebbi, F. (2007), “Democracy, Technology, and Growth”, NBER Working Paper, No. 13180, 1-30.
• Altan, H. & Çelebioğlu, F. (2011), “Demokrasi, Ekonomik Özgürlük Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkilerin Mekânsal Analizi: Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2), 219-234.
• Barro, R.J. (1996), “Democracy and Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 1-27.
• Beşkaya, A. & Menan, Ö. (2012), “Ekonomik Özgürlükler Ve Demokrasi İle Ekonomik Performans Arasındaki İlişkinin Zaman Serileri İle Analizi: Türkiye Örneği”, ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(10), 47-76.
• Bhagwati, J.N. (2002), “Democracy and Development: Cruel Dilemma or Symbiotic Relationship?”, Review of Development Economics, 6(2), 151-162.
• Boubtane, E., Coulibaly, D. & Rault, C. (2013), “Immigration, Unemployment and GDP in the Host Country: Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries”, Economic Modelling, 33, 261-269.
• Bozkurt, E. Altıner, A. & Toktaş, Y. (2018), “Democracy and Economic Growth: Evidence from Emerging Market Economies”, Economics, Finance and Politics, 13/14, 15-32.
• Breusch, T.S. & Pagan, A.R. (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Application to Model Specifications in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-53.
• De Haan, J. & Siermann, C.L.J. (1995), “A Sensitivity Analysis of the Impact of Democracy on Economic Growth”, Empirical Economics, 20, 197-215.
• De Schweinitz, K. Jr. (1959), “Industrialization, Labor Controls and Democracy," Economic Development and Cultural Change, 7, 385-404.
• Doğan, A. (2005), “Demokrasi ve Ekonomik Gelişme”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 1-19.
• Yay, G. (2002), “İktisadi Gelişme ve Demokrasi İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Sınama”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 52(1), 27.
• Erkuş, S. & Karamelikli, H. (2016) “Türkiye’de Demokrasi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki Uzun Dönemli İlişki”, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308779726_Turkiye'de_Demokrasi_ve_Iktisadi_Buyume_Arasindaki_Uzun_Donemli_Iliski, 15.02.2018.
• Galenson, W. (1959), Introduction to Galenson, W., ed. Labor and Economic Development. New York: Wiley.
• Feng, Y. (1997), “Democracy, Political Stability and Economic Growth”, B.J.Pol.S., 27, 391-418.
• Fidrmuc, J. (2003), “Economic Reform, Democracy and Growth during Post-Communist Transition”, European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 583-604.
• Freedom House (2018), https://freedomhouse.org/report/methodology-freedom-world-2018, 25.02.2019.
• Helliwell, J.F, (1994), “Empirical Linkages between Democracy and Economic Growth”, British Journal of Political Science, 24(2), 225-248.
• Huntington, .P. (1968), Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Hurlin, C. (2008), Testing for Granger Non Causality in Heterogeneous Panels, Mimeo, Department of Economics: University of Orleans.
• Jaunky, V.C. (2013), “Democracy and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Panel Data Approach”, Empir Econ. 45, 987-1008.
• Koçak, E. & Uzay, N. (2017), “Türkiye’de Demokrasi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Ampirik Bir Araştırma”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 24(3), 705-723.
• Koçak, E. & Uzay, N. (2018), “Demokrasi, Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Kurumların Rolü Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Sosyoekonomi, 26(36), 81-102.
• Kónya, László (2006), “Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries with a Panel Data Approach”, Economic Modelling, 23, 978-992.
• Krieckhaus, J. (2006), “Democracy and Economic Growth: How Regional Context Influences Regime Effects”, B.J.Pol.S., 36, 317-340.
• Leblang, D.A. (1997), “Political Democracy and Economic Growth: Pooled Cross-Sectional and Time-Series Evidence”, B.J.Pol.S., 27, 453–472.
• Lipset, S.M. (1959), “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Development”, American Political Science Review, 53, 69-105.
• Lopes, T.H.C.R. & Rivera-Castro, M.A. (2017),“Democracy, Trust and Economic Growth”, The Empirical Economics Letters, 16(12), 1277-1286.
• Masaki, T., Van De Walle, N. (2014), “The Impact of Democracy on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1982-2012”, WIDER Working Paper, No. 2014/057, 1-16.
• Muller, E.N. (1995), “Economic Determinants of Democracy”, American Sociological Review, 60(6), 966-982.
• Narayan, P.K., Narayan, S. & Smyth, R. (2011), “Does Democracy Facilitate Economic Growth or Does Economic Growth Facilitate Democracy? An Empirical Study of Sub-Saharan Africa”, Economic Modelling, 28, 900–910.
• Nelson, M. & Singh, R.D. (1998), “Democracy, Economic Freedom, Fiscal Policy, and Growth in LDCs: A Fresh Look”, Economic Development and Cultural Change , 46(4), 677-696.
• Olson, M. (1996), “Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government Big Bills Left on the Sidewalk: Why Some Nations are Rich, and Others Poor”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(2),3-24.
• Persson, T. (2004), “Forms of Democracy, Policy and Economic Development”,. National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w11171, 1-49.
• Pesaran, M.H. (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, CESifo Working Papers, 1233: 255-60.
• Pesaran. M.H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008), “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”, Econometrics Journal, 11: 105-127.
• Pesaran, M.H. & Yamagata, T. (2008), “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142: 50-93.
• Przeworski, A. & Limongi, F. (1993), “Political Regimes and Economic Growth” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(3), 51-69.
• Rachdia, H. & Saidi, H. (2015), “Democracy and Economic Growth: Evidence in MENA Countries”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 616-621.
• Rao, V. (1984), “Democracy and Economic Development”, Studies in Comparative International Development, 19(4), 67-81.
• Salahodjaev, R. (2015), “Democracy and Economic Growth: The role of Intelligence in Cross-Country Regressions”, Intelligence, 50, 228-234.
• Şahin, İ. (2016), “Türkiye’de 1980-2015 Yılları Arası Demokrasi, Ekonomik Özgürlük Ve Yolsuzlukların Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkileri”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 317-334.
• Şahin, D. (2017), “Geçiş Ekonomilerinde Demokrasi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi”, Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 45-57.
• Tavares, J. & Wacziarg, R. (2001), “How Democracy Effects Growth”, European Economic Review, 45, 1341-1378.
• Tekin, R.B. (2012), “Economic Growth, Exports and Foreign Direct Investment in Least Developed Countries: A Panel Granger Causality Analysis”, Economic Modelling, 29, 868-878.
• Zellner, A. (1962), “An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57: 348-368.