Kamu Teşvik Mekanizmalarının Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Üzerine Etkisi: AB Ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de Güneş Enerjisine Yönelik Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 48, 181 - 204, 28.04.2021

Halil Kaya , Yüksel Bayraktar

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.10

Cited By: 3

Öz

Fosil yakıtların sınırlılığı, enerji arz güvenliği, yükselen çevre bilinci, enerji tüketiminin sürdürülebilir ve temiz olması kaygıları dünya genelinde alternatif bir enerji kaynağı olarak yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarını artırmıştır. Yenilebilir enerji yatırımlarının maliyetli ve geri dönüşünün uzun dönemli olması, bu alana ilgiyi artırmak isteyen hükümetleri orta ve uzun vadeli planlarla teşvik mekanizmaları geliştirmeye yöneltmiştir. Teşviklerin sınırsız olmayan kamu kaynaklarından finanse edilmesi, optimal teşvik mekanizmasının tespit edilerek politika yapıcıya yol göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, teşvik mekanizmalarının yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarını ne ölçüde etkilediğini ortaya koymak ve optimal teşvik mekanizmalarını belirlemektir. Çalışmada, teşvik araçları ile güneş enerjisi kurulu güç kapasitesi arasındaki ilişki, 2001-2015 arası yıllık verileriyle 28 ülke için tek aşamalı ve iki aşamalı Arellano Bond Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Metoduna dayalı dinamik panel yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları, tarife garantisi/prim sisteminin, vergi teşviklerinin, yeşil sertifika sisteminin ve GSYİH’nin, güneş enerjisi kurulu güç kapasite artışı ile pozitif ve anlamlı ilişkili olduğu, enerji ithalatı ve güneş enerjisi kurulu güç kapasitesi artışı arasında negatif ve anlamlı ilişki olduğu, sübvansiyonlar ve krediler ile güneş enerjisi kurulu gücü artışı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı yönündedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kamu Teşvik Mekanizmaları, Yenilenebilir Enerji, Güneş Enerjisi, AB Ülkeleri, Türkiye, Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi

The Effects of Public Incentive Mechanisms on the Renewable Energy Resources: Dynamic Panel Data Analysis for Solar Energy Capacity in the EU Countries and Turkey

Öz

Renewable energy investments have increased substantially throughout the World due to the limitation of fossil fuels, the energy supply security, the increasing environmental awareness, and the concerns over sustainable and clean energy consumption. The long-term and costly return of renewable energy investments has led governments to develop incentive mechanisms with medium and long-term plans. Notwithstanding, limited public resources necessitate determining the optimal incentive mechanism for policymakers to design effective investment plans in the renewable energy sector. Thus, the purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of incentive mechanisms on renewable energy investments and determine the optimal incentive mechanism. The relationship between the incentive instruments and the installed solar energy power capacity is analysed in the study. Analyses are carried out with the dynamic panel data method based on single-stage and two-stage Arellano-Bond Generalized Moments Methods for 28 countries with annual data belonging to the period between 2001 and 2015. The findings indicate that while feed-in tariff/feed-in premium, tax incentives, green certificate system, and GDP positively correlate with installed solar energy capacity, energy import negatively correlates with the installed solar energy capacity. Subsidies and loans show no correlation with the installed solar energy capacity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Public Incentive Mechanisms, Renewable Energy, Solar Energy, EU Countries, Turkey, Dynamic Panel Data Analysis

Kaynakça

• Abolhosseini, S. & A. Heshmati (2014), “The Main Support Mechanisms to Finance Renewable Energy Development”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (40), 876-885.
• APEC (2012), “Renewable Energy Promotion Policies-Fınal Report”, APEC Project EWG 04/2011A, <https://www.apec.org/Publications/2013/01/Renewable-Energy-Promotion-Policies>, 21.08.2016.
• Arellano, M. & S. Bond (1991), “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
• Banja, M. & M. Jégard & F. Monforti-Ferrario & J.-F. Dallemand & N. Taylor & V. Motola & R. Sikkema (2017), “Renewables in the EU: An Overview of Support Schemes and Measures”, EU 29100 EN, Publication Office of the European Union, <https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/83d9ab2f-647d-11e8-ab9c-01aa75ed71a1/language-en>, 15.02.2020.
• Birol, Y.E. & B. Demirgil (2020), “Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Brics Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(3), 546-558.
• Bolkesjo, T.F. & P.T. Eltvig & E. Nygaard (2014), “An Econometric Analysis of Support Effects on Renewable Energy Investments in Europe”, Energy Procedia, (58), 2-8.
• Breusch, T.S. & A.R. Pagan (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 236-253.
• Candan, A. (2004), Avrupa Birliği’nin Enerji Politikası, İKV Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Carley, S. (2009), “State Renewable Energy Electricity Policies: An Empirical Evaluation of Effectiveness”, Energy Policy, 37, 3071-3081.
• CEER (2017), “Status Review of Renewable Support Schemes in Europe”, C16-SDE-56-03, <https://www.ceer.eu/1519>, 15.05.2020.
• Couture, T.D. & K. Cory & C. Kreycik & E. Williams (2010), “A Policymaker’s Guide to Feed-in Tariff Policy Design”, Technical Report NREL/TP-6A2-44869, 1-144, <https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/44849.pdf>, 15.02.2017.
• Crago, C.L & I. Chernyakhovskiy (2017), “Are Policy Incentives for Solar Power Effective? Evidence From Residential Installations in The Northeast”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, (81), 132-151.
• De Jager, D. & C. Klessmann & E. Stricker & T. Winkel & E. Visser & M. Koper & M. Ragwitz & A. Held & G. Resch & S. Busch & C. Panzer & A. Gazzo & T. Roulleau & P. Gousseland & M. Henriet & A. Bouille (2011), “Financing Renewable Energy in European Energy Market”, Final Report, <https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2011_financing_renewable.pdf>, 15.02.2017.
• EC European Commission (2013), “European Commission Guidance fort he Design of Renewable Support Schemes”, Commission Staff Working Document, <https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/com_2013_public_intervention_swd04_en.pdf>, 15.02.2020.
• Eyraud, L. & B. Clements & A. Wane (2013), “Green Investment: Trends and Determinants”, Energy Policy, (60), 852-865.
• Held, A. & M. Ragwitz & M. Gephart & E. Visser & C. Klessmann (2014), “Design Features of Support Schemes for Renewable Electricity”, Project No:DESNL12116, <https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_design_features_of_support_schemes.pdf>, 15.02.2017.
• IRENA & CEM (2015), Renewable Energy Auctions-A Guide to Design 2, <https://www.irena.org/publications/2015/Jun/Renewable-Energy-Auctions-A-Guide-to-Design>, 15.03.2017.
• IRENA (2012), “Evaluating Policies in Support of The Deployment of Renewable Power”, IRENA Policy Brief, <https://www.irena.org/publications/2012/Oct/Evaluating-policies-in-support-of-the-deployment-of-renewable-power>, 15.03.2016.
• IRENA (N/A), Data&Statistics, Query Tool, <https://www.irena.org/Statistics/Download-Data>, 25.01.2020.
• Jacobs, D. (2009), “Framework Conditions and International Practices for Renewable Energy Support Mechanisms”, <https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/0/b/41339.pdf>, 13.10.2016.
• Jenner, S. & F. Groba & J. Indvik (2013), “Assessing the Strength and Effectiveness of Renewable Electricity Feed-in Tariffs in European Union Countries”, Energy Policy, (52), 385-401.
• Johnstone, N. & I. Hascic & D. Popp (2010), “Renewable Energy Policies and Technological Innovation: Evidence Based on Patent Counts”, Environ Reseource Economics, (45), 133-155.
• Kaya, H.İ. (2017), “Teşvik Mekanizmalarının Yenilenebilir Enerji Yatırımları Üzerine Etkisi: AB Ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de Güneş Enerjisi Yatırımlarına Yönelik Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
• Kılınc-Ata, N. (2016), “The Evaluation of Renewable Energy Policies Across EU Countries and US States: An Econometric Approach”, Energy for Sustainable Development, (31), 83-90.
• Kitzing, L. & C. Mitchell & P.E. Morthorst (2012), “Renewable Energy Policies in Europe: Converging or Diverging?”, Energy Policy, (51), 192-201.
• Li, S.J. & T.H. Chang & S. Chang (2017), “The Policy Effectiveness of Economic Instruments for the Photovoltaic and Wind Power Development in the European Union”, Renewable Energy, (101), 660-666.
• Marques, A.C. & J.A. Fuinhas & J.R. Manso (2010), “Motivations driving renewable energy in European Countries: A Panel Data Approach”, Energy Policy, (38), 6877-6885.
• Marques, A.C. & J.A. Fuinhas (2011), “Drivers Promoting Renewable Energy: A Dynamic Panel Approach”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (15), 1601-1608.
• Mendonça, M. (2007), Feed-in Tariffs: Accelerating the Deployment of Renewable Energy, London: EarthScan. Nicolini, M. & M. Tavoni (2017), “Are Renewable Energy Subsidies Effective? Evidence from Europe”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (74), 412-423.
• Pesaran, M. & A.H. Ullah & T. Yamagata (2008), “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”, Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
• Pesaran, M.H. (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No. 0435, University of Cambridge.
• Polzin, F. & M. Migendt & F.A. Taube & P. Flotow (2015), “Public Policy Influence on Renewable Energy Investment-A Panel Data Study Across OECD Countries”, Energy Policy, (80), 98-111.
• REEEP/UNIDO (2013), “Financing Options for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency-Module 19”, içinde: Sustainable Energy Regulation and Policymaking for Africa, <http://africa-toolkit.reeep.org/>, 05.03.2017.
• REN21 (2016), Renewables 2016 Global Status Report, <https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/REN21_GSR2016_FullReport_en_11.pdf>, 15.06.2017.
• Romano, A. & G.A. Scandurra & A. Carfora & M. Fodor (2017), “Renewable Investments: The Impact of Green Policies in Developing and Developed Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (68), 738-747.
• Roodman, D. (2006), “How to do xtabond2: An Introduction to ‘Difference’ and ‘System’ GMM in Stata”, The Center for Global Development Working Paper Series No: 103. <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=982943>, 15.05.2016.
• Schallenberg-Rodriguez, J. (2017), “Renewable Electricity Support Systems: Are Feed-in Systems Taking The Lead?”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (76), 1422-1439.
• Smith, M.G. & J. Urpelainen (2014), “The Effect of Feed-in Tariffs on Renewable Electricity Generation: An Instrumental Variables Approach”, Environmental Resource Economics, (57), 367-392.
• Tatoğlu, F. (2012), İleri Panel Veri Analizi-Stata Uygulamalı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Turkenburg, W.C. & D.J. Arent & R. Bertani & A. Faaij & M. Hand & W. Krewitt & E.D. Larson & J. Lund & M. Mehos & T. Merrigan & C. Mitchell & J.R. Moreira & W. Sinke & V. Sonntag-O’Brien & B. Thresher & W. van Sark & E. Usher & E. Usher (2012), “Chapter 11 - Renewable Energy”, içinde: Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 761-900.
• Yin, H. & N. Powers (2010), “Do State Renewable Portfolio Standards Promote in-state Renewable Generation”, Energy Policy, (38), 1140-1149.
• Zhao, Y. & K. Tang & L. Wang (2013), “Do Renewable Electricity Policies Promote Renewable Electricity Generation? Evidence from Panel Data”, Energy Policy, (62), 887-897.