The Self-Efficacy Perception Scale for Computational Thinking Skill: Validity and Reliability Study

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 1 - 29, 10.04.2019

Yasemin Gülbahar , Serhat Bahadır Kert , Filiz Kalelioğlu

https://doi.org/10.16949/turkbilmat.385097

Cited By: 1

Öz

In recent years, developments in the field of computer
science, which are in parallel with technology, have led to an increase in the
importance of solving problems with the help of computers. It is also worth
mentioning that this skill, which is defined as computational thinking, has
been an issue about how to be taught and evaluated. In this context, the aim of
this study is to develop a self-efficacy perception scale for the computational
thinking skill. As a result of the exploratory factor analyzes made, it was
seen that the scale includes 39 items with five-factors. Additionally, with
confirmatory factor analysis which was carried out for confirmation of the
model, 3 items were omitted from the scale and the last structure of the form,
with 36 items,  was presented.  The corrected item-total correlations were
ranged between 0.632 and 0.386, whereas the Cronbach Alpha coefficients were
between 0.762 and 0.930. Also, t-tests for the item average means of the bottom
and top 27% of the groups were presented significant differences between those
groups.

Anahtar Kelimeler

algorithm, programming, Computational thinking, self-efficacy

Bilgi İşlemsel Düşünme Becerisine Yönelik Öz Yeterlik Algısı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Öz

Son yıllarda bilgisayar bilimi alanında teknolojiye paralel
olarak yaşanan gelişmeler, problemlerin bilgisayarlar yardımı ile çözülmesine
verilen önemin artmasına neden olmuştur. Bilgi işlemsel düşünme (computational
thinking) olarak tanımlanan bu becerinin kazandırılmasının önemi ile birlikte
bu becerinin kazanılıp kazanılmadığının ortaya konması da gündeme gelmiştir. Bu
bağlamda çalışmanın amacı bilgi işlemsel düşünme
becerisine yönelik öz yeterlik algı ölçeği geliştirmektir. Yapılan açımlayıcı
faktör analizleri sonucunda toplam 39 maddeyi içeren ölçeğin beş faktörlü bir
yapıdan oluştuğu görülmüştür. Ek olarak, modelin doğrulanması amacıyla
gerçekleştirilen doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile 3 madde ölçekten çıkarılmış ve
36 maddelik son form yapısı ortaya sunulmuştur. 
Faktörlerin düzeltilmiş madde-toplam puan korelasyon değerlerinin 0.632
ile 0.386 arasında olduğu,  Cronbach Alfa
katsayılarının ise 0.762 ile 0.930 arasında değiştiği görülmüştür.  T-testi sonuçları, üst %27 ile alt %27
grupların madde ortalamaları arasındaki tüm farkların anlamlı olduğunu
göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

algoritma, programlama, öz-yeterlik, Bilgi işlemsel düşünme

Kaynakça

• Angeli, C., Voogt, J., Fluck, A., Webb, M., Cox, M., Malyn-Smith, J., & Zagami, J. (2016). A K-6 computational thinking curriculum framework- implications for teacher knowledge. Educational Technology & Society, 19(3), 47–57.
• Apostolellis, P., Stewart, M., Frisina, C., & Kafura, D. (2014, June). RaBit escApe: A board game for computational thinking. Paper presented at the Interaction Design and Children Conference, Denmark.
• Barr, V., & Stephenson, C. (2011). Bringing computational thinking to K-12: What is involved and what is the role of the computer science education community? ACM Inroads, 2(1), 48–54.
• Barr, D., Harrison, J., & Conery, L. (2011). Computational thinking: A digital age skill for everyone. Learning & Leading with Technology, 38(6), 20-23.
• Basawapatna, A., Koh, K. H., Repenning, A., Webb, D. C., & Marshall, K. S. (2011, March). Recognizing computational thinking patterns. Paper presented at the 42nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, USA.
• Basawapatna, A., Repenning, A., Koh, K. H., & Savignano, M. (2014, March). The consume - create spectrum: Balancing convenience and computational thinking in stem learning. Paper presented at the 45th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, USA.
• Basawapatna, A., Repenning, R., & Lewis, C. (2013, March). The simulation creation toolkit: An ınitial exploration ınto making programming accessible while preserving computational thinking. Paper presented at the 44th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, USA.
• Bocconi, S., Chioccariello, A., Dettori, G., Ferrari, A., Engelhardt, K., Kampylis, P., & Punie, Y. (2016). Developing computational thinking in compulsory education. Retrieved August 12, 2018 from http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC104188/jrc104188_computhinkreport.pdf.
• Bort, H., & Brylow, D. (2013, March). CS4Impact: Measuring computational thinking concepts. Paper presented at the the 44th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, USA.
• Büyüköztürk, S. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (8. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
• Brennan, K., & Resnick, M. (2012, April). Using artifact-based interviews to study the development of computational thinking in interactive media design. Paper presented at the Annual American Educational Research Association Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
• CSTA & ISTE (2011). Computational thinking in K–12 education leadership toolkit. Retrieved August 12, 2018 from http://csta.acm.org/Curriculum/sub/CurrFiles/471.11CTLeadershiptToolkit-SP-vF.pdf.
• Curzon, P., McOwan, P. W., Plant, N., & Meagher, L. R. (2014, November). Introducing teachers to computational thinking using unplugged storytelling. Paper presented at the 9th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education, Germany.
• Dierbach, C., Hochheiser, H., Collins, S., Jerome, G., Ariza, C., Kelleher, W., …Kaza, S. (2011). A model for piloting pathways for computational thinking in a general education curriculum. Paper presented at the 42nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, USA.
• Deng, Z., Huang, W., & Dong, R. (2009, April). Discussion of ability cultivation of computational thinking in course teaching. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Education Technology and Computer, Singapore.
• Demir, G. Ö. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2017). Yeni kavramlar, farklı kullanımlar: Bilgi-işlemsel düşünmeyle ilgili bir değerlendirme. H. F. Odabaşı, B. Akkoyunlu ve A. İşman (Ed.), Eğitim teknolojileri okumaları içinde (s. 801-830). Adapazarı: Sakarya Üniversitesi.
• Denner, J., & Werner, L. (2011, April). Measuring computational thinking in middle school using game programming. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), New Orleans, USA.
• Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). New York: McGrawHill.
• Gouws, L. A., Bradshaw, K., & Wentworth, P. (2013, March). Computational thinking in educational activities: An evaluation of the educational game light-bot. Paper presented at the 18th ACM Conference on Innovation And Technology in Computer Science Education, Italy.
• Grover, S., & Pea, R. (2013). Computational thinking in K–12 a review of the state of the field. Educational Researcher, 42(1), 38–43.
• Grover, S., Pea, R., & Cooper, S. (2015, April). “Systems of assessments” for deeper learning of computational thinking in K-12. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
• Grover, S., Bienkowski, M., & Snow, E. (2015, March). Assessments for computational thinking in K-12. Paper presented at the 46th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, USA.
• Grgurina, N., Barendsen, E., Zwaneveld, B., van Veen, K., & Stoker, I. (2014, March). Computational thinking skills in dutch secondary education: Exploring pedagogical content knowledge. Paper presented at the 14th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research, Finland.
• Gülbahar, Y., Kalelioğlu, F., Kert, S. B., Kaplan, A., Koçak, B., İliş, E., …Kaymak-Özgür, Y. (2017). Bilişim teknolojileri ve yazılım dersi öğretmen rehberi. Ankara: Google.
• Hinton, P. R., McMurray, I., & Brownlow, C. (2014). SPSS explained. New York, NY: Routledge.
• Imberman, S. P., Sturm, D., & Azhar, M. Q. (2014). Computational thinking: Expanding the toolkit. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 29(6), 39-46.
• ISTE & CSTA (2011). Operational definition of computational thinking for K–12 education. Retrieved August 12, 2018 from http://www.iste.org/docs/ct-documents/computational-thinking-operational-definition-flyer.pdf.
• International Society for Technology in Education [ISTE]. (2011). Computational thinking in K–12 education leadership toolkit. Retrieved August 12, 2018 from http://www.iste.org/docs/ct-documents/ct-leadershipt-toolkit.pdf?sfvrsn=4.
• Kalelioğlu, F. ve Gülbahar, Y. (2015, Eylül). Bilgi işlemsel düşünme nedir ve nasıl öğretilir? 3. Uluslararası Öğretim Teknolojileri ve Öğretmen Eğitimi Sempozyumu’nda sunulan bildiri, Trabzon, Türkiye.
• Kalelioglu, F., Gülbahar, Y., & Kukul, V. (2016). A framework for computational thinking based on a systematic research review. Baltic Journal of Modern Computing, 4(3), 583-596.
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
• Korkmaz, Ö., Çakir, R., & Özden, M. Y. (2017). A validity and reliability study of the computational thinking scales (cts). Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 558-569.
• Leech, N., Barrett, K., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
• Lee, I., Martin, F., & Apone, K. (2014). Integrating computational thinking across the K–8 curriculum. ACM Inroads, 5(4), 64-71.
• Lee, I., Martin, F., Denner, J., Coulter, B., Allan, W., Erickson, J., …Werner, L. (2011). Computational thinking for youth in practice. ACM Inroads, 2, 32–37.
• Lockwood, J., & Mooney, A. (2017). Computational thinking in education: Where does it fit? A systematic literary review. Retrieved August 16, 2018 from https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1703/1703.07659.pdf.
• Mannila, L., Dagiene, V., Demo, B., Grgurina, N., Mirolo, C., Rolandsson, L., & Settle, A. (2014, June). Computational thinking in K-9 education. Paper presented at the Innovation & Technology in Computer Science Education Conference, Sweden.
• Özmen, B. (2016). Ortaokul öğrencilerine yönelik bilgi işlemsel düşünme becerileri testinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320757308_Ortaokul_Ogrencilerine_Yonelik_Bilgi_Islemsel_Dusunme_Becerileri_Testinin_Gelistirilmesi_Gecerlik_ve_Guvenirlik_Calismasi adresinden 16.08.2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• URL-1, https://community.computingatschool.org.uk/files/8221/original.pdf Computational thinking. 12 Ağustos 2018.
• URL-2, http://www.p21.org/our-work/p21-framework Framework for 21st century learning. 16 Ağustos 2018.
• Papert, S. (1996). An exploration in the space of mathematics educations. International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning, 1(1), 95-123.
• Riley, D. D., & Hunt, K. A. (2014). Computational thinking for the modern problem solver. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
• Selby, C. C. (2012, November). Promoting computational thinking with programming. Paper presented at the 7th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education, Germany.
• Selby, C. C., & Woollard, J. (2013). Computational thinking: The developing definition. Retrieved August 16, 2018 from https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/356481/1/Selby_Woollard_bg_soton_eprints.pdf.
• Snow, E., Katz, I., Elliott-Tew, A., & Feldman, J. (2012). Assessing computational thinking. Retrieved August 16, 2018 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/presentation/8c9b/7d3f0f5ab5ce5e1eb2a77613772a1561fe59.pdf.
• Sysło, M. M., & Kwiatkowska, A. B. (2013). Informatics for all high school students: A computational thinking approach. In I. Diethelm, & R. T. Mittermeir (Eds.), Informatics in Schools: Situation, Evolution, and Perspectives (Vol. 7780, pp. 43–56). Heidelberg: Springer.
• Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks.
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
• Werner, L. (2011). Computational thinking for youth in practice. ACM Inroads, 2(1), 32–37.
• Wing, J. M. (2006). Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33-35.
• Wing, J. M. (2008). Computational thinking and thinking about computing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 366(1881), 3717-3725.
• Williams, B., Onsman, A., & Brown, T. (2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8(3), 1-13.
• Yeni, S. (2017). Bilgi işlemsel düşünme becerisi nasıl değerlendirilir? Y. Gülbahar (Ed.), Bilgi işlemsel düşünmeden programlamaya içinde (s. 359-391). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.