Derleme
The Effectiveness of Echinocandin Group Antimycotics in the Treatment of Systemic Aspegillosis and Candidiasis, and Its Role in Veterinary Medicine
Öz
Fungal
diseases are major problems of human and animal health. For this reason, many
antifungals have been produced over the last forty years and they have started
to use in the health field. Usage of antifungal drugs induce resistant fungal
agents that’s why these condition necessitates alternative drugs. In this
review, it is aimed to increase the echinocandin use and their awareness in
veterinary medicine.
Anahtar Kelimeler
antifungal echinocandin veterinary medicine systemic micosis
Kaynakça
- Bachmann, S. P., VandeWalle, K., Ramage, G., Patterson, T. F., Wickes, B. L., Graybill, J. R., & Lopez-Ribot, J. L. (2002). In vitro activity of caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 (11):3591-3596. Balashov, S. V., Park, S. & Perlin, D. S. (2006). Assessing resistance to th echinocandin antifungal drug caspofungin in Candida albicans by profiling mutations in FKS1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 (6):2058-2063. Barrs, V. R., Halliday, C., Martin, P., Wilson, B., Krockenberger, M., Gunew, M., ... & Hocking, A. (2012). Sinonasal and sino-orbital aspergillosis in 23 cats: aetiology, clinicopathological features and treatment outcomes. The Veterinary Journal, 191(1), 58-64. Barrs, V. R., van Doorn, T. M., Houbraken, J., Kidd, S. E., Martin, P., Pinheiro, M. D., ... & Samson, R. A. (2013). Aspergillus felis sp. nov., an emerging agent of invasive aspergillosis in humans, cats, and dogs. PLoS One, 8(6), e64871. Barrs, V. R., Ujvari, B., Dhand, N. K., Peters, I. R., Talbot, J., Johnson, L. R., ... & Belov, K. (2015). Detection of Aspergillus-specific antibodies by agar gel double immunodiffusion and IgG ELISA in feline upper respiratory tract aspergillosis. The Veterinary Journal, 203(3), 285-289. Bowman, J. C., Hicks, P. S., Kurtz, M. B., Rosen, H., Schmatz, D. M., Liberator, P. A., & Douglas, C. M. (2002). The antifungal echinocandin caspofungin acetate kills growing cells of Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 46(9), 3001-3012. Bowman, J. C., Abruzzo, G. K., Flattery, A. M., Gill, C. J., Hickey, E. J., Hsu, M. J., ... & Wang, T. C. (2006). Efficacy of caspofungin against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus nidulans. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 50(12), 4202-4205. Brown, G. D., Denning, D. W., Gow, N. A., Levitz, S. M., Netea, M. G., & White, T. C. (2012). Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Science translational medicine, 4(165), 165rv13-165rv13. Calvo, E., Pastor, F. J., Salas, V., Mayayo, E., & Guarro, J. (2012). Combined therapy of voriconazole and anidulafungin in murine infections by Aspergillus flavus. Mycopathologia, 173(4), 251-257. Chandrasekar, P. H., & Sobel, J. D. (2006). Micafungin: a new echinocandin. Clinical infectious diseases, 42(8), 1171-1178. Chen, S. C. A., Slavin, M. A., & Sorrell, T. C. (2011). Echinocandin antifungal drugs in fungal infections. Drugs, 71(1), 11-41. Cleveland, A. A., Farley, M. M., Harrison, L. H., Stein, B., Hollick, R., Lockhart, S. R., ... & Chiller, T. M. (2012). Changes in incidence and antifungal drug resistance in candidemia: results from population-based laboratory surveillance in Atlanta and Baltimore, 2008–2011. Clinical infectious diseases, 55(10), 1352-1361. Denning, D. W. (2002). Echinocandins: a new class of antifungal. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 49(6), 889-891. DiDone, L., Oga, D., & Krysan, D. J. (2011). A novel assay of biofilm antifungal activity reveals that amphotericin B and caspofungin lyse Candida albicans cells in biofilms. Yeast, 28(8), 561-568. Duchaussoy, A. C., Rose, A., Talbot, J. J., & Barrs, V. R. (2015). Gastrointestinal granuloma due to Candida albicans in an immunocompetent cat. Medical mycology case reports, 10, 14-17. Emri, T., Majoros, L., Tóth, V., & Pócsi, I. (2013). Echinocandins: production and applications. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 97(8), 3267-3284. Espinel-Ingroff, A., Fothergill, A., Fuller, J., Johnson, E., Pelaez, T., & Turnidge, J. (2011). Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for caspofungin and Aspergillus spp. for the CLSI broth microdilution method (M38-A2 document). Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 55(6), 2855-2859. Foy, D. S., & Trepanier, L. A. (2010). Antifungal treatment of small animal veterinary patients. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 40(6), 1171-1188. Garcia-Effron, G., Lee, S., Park, S., Cleary, J. D., & Perlin, D. S. (2009). Effect of Candida glabrata FKS1 and FKS2 mutations on echinocandin sensitivity and kinetics of 1, 3-β-d-glucan synthase: implication for the existing susceptibility breakpoint. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 53(9), 3690-3699. Hartmann, K., Lloret, A., Pennisi, M. G., Ferrer, L., Addie, D., Belák, S., ... & Hosie, M. J. (2013). Aspergillosis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 15(7), 605-610. Ibrahim, A. S., Gebremariam, T., Lin, L., Luo, G., Husseiny, M. I., Skory, C. D., ... & Spellberg, B. (2010). The high affinity iron permease is a key virulence factor required for Rhizopus oryzae pathogenesis. Molecular microbiology, 77(3), 587-604. Ishihara, S., Hirata, A., Nogami, S., Beauvais, A., Latge, J. P., & Ohya, Y. (2007). Homologous subunits of 1, 3-beta-glucan synthase are important for spore wall assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryotic cell, 6(2), 143-156. Jadhav, V. J., & Pal, M. (2006). Estomatitis en perros por Candida albicans. Revista iberoamericana de micología, 23(4), 233-234. Kano, R., Itamoto, K., Okuda, M., Inokuma, H., Hasegawa, A., & Balajee, S. A. (2008). Isolation of Aspergillus udagawae from a fatal case of feline orbital aspergillosis. Mycoses, 51(4), 360-361. Katiyar, S. K., Alastruey-Izquierdo, A., Healey, K. R., Johnson, M. E., Perlin, D. S., & Edlind, T. D. (2012). Fks1 and Fks2 are functionally redundant but differentially regulated in Candida glabrata: implications for echinocandin resistance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 56(12), 6304-6309. Kofla, G., & Ruhnke, M. (2011). Pharmacology and metabolism of anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin in the treatment of invasive candidosis-review of the literature. European journal of medical research, 16(4), 159. Kucharíková, S., Sharma, N., Spriet, I., Maertens, J., Van Dijck, P., & Lagrou, K. (2013). Activities of systemically administered echinocandins against in vivo mature Candida albicans biofilms developed in a rat subcutaneous model. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 57(5), 2365-2368. Leshinsky, J., McLachlan, A., Foster, D. J., Norris, R., & Barrs, V. R. (2017). Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin acetate to guide optimal dosing in cats. PloS one, 12(6), e0178783. Maraki, S., Hamilos, G., Dimopoulou, D., Andrianaki, A. M., Karageorgiadis, A. S., Kyvernitakis, A., ... & Samonis, G. (2015). Study on the comparative activity of echinocandins on murine gut colonization by Candida albicans. Medical mycology, 53(6), 597-602. Mazur, P., Morin, N., Baginsky, W., El-Sherbeini, M., Clemas, J. A., Nielsen, J. B., & Foor, F. (1995). Differential expression and function of two homologous subunits of yeast 1, 3-beta-D-glucan synthase. Molecular and cellular biology, 15(10), 5671-5681. Miller, C. D., Lomaestro, B. W., Park, S., & Perlin, D. S. (2006). Progressive esophagitis caused by Candida albicans with reduced susceptibility to caspofungin. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 26(6), 877-880. Morace, G., Borghi, E., Iatta, R., & Montagna, M. T. (2009). Anidulafungin, a new echinocandin. Drugs, 69(1), 91-94. Morrison, V. A. (2006). Echinocandin antifungals: review and update. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 4(2), 325-342. Mukherjee, P. K., Sheehan, D., Puzniak, L., Schlamm, H., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2011). Echinocandins: are they all the same?. Journal of Chemotherapy, 23(6), 319-325. Ong, R. K., Raisis, A. L., & Swindells, K. L. (2010). Candida albicans peritonitis in a dog. Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care, 20(1), 143-147. Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Rex, J. H., Pappas, P. G., Hamill, R. J., Larsen, R. A., Horowitz, H. W., ... & Mangino, J. E. (2003). Antifungal susceptibility survey of 2,000 bloodstream Candida isolates in the United States. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 47(10), 3149-3154. Pappas, P. G., Kauffman, C. A., Andes, D. R., Clancy, C. J., Marr, K. A., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., ... & Zaoutis, T. E. (2015). Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 62(4), e1-e50. Pelaez, T., Alvarez-Perez, S., Mellado, E., Serrano, D., Valerio, M., Blanco, J. L., ... & Bouza, E. (2013). Invasive aspergillosis caused by cryptic Aspergillus species: a report of two consecutive episodes in a patient with leukaemia. Journal of medical microbiology, 62(3), 474-478. Perlin, D. S. (2014). Echinocandin resistance, susceptibility testing and prophylaxis: implications for patient management. Drugs, 74(14), 1573-1585. Perlin, D. S. (2015a). Echinocandin resistance in Candida. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 61(6), 612-617. Perlin, D. S. (2015b). Mechanisms of echinocandin antifungal drug resistance. Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences, 1354(1), 1-11. Petraitiene, R., Petraitis, V., Groll, A. H., Sein, T., Schaufele, R. L., Francesconi, A., ... & Walsh, T. J. (2002). Antifungal efficacy of caspofungin (MK-0991) in experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits: pharmacokinetics, drug disposition, and relationship to galactomannan antigenemia. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 46(1), 12-23. Pfaller, M. A., Castanheira, M., Lockhart, S. R., Ahlquist, A. M., Messer, S. A., & Jones, R. N. (2012). Frequency of decreased susceptibility and resistance to echinocandins among fluconazole-resistant bloodstream isolates of Candida glabrata. Journal of clinical microbiology, 50(4), 1199-1203. Pfaller, M. A., Diekema, D. J., Andes, D., Arendrup, M. C., Brown, S. D., Lockhart, S. R., ... & Perlin, D. S. (2011). Clinical breakpoints for the echinocandins and Candida revisited: integration of molecular, clinical, and microbiological data to arrive at species-specific interpretive criteria. Drug Resistance Updates, 14(3), 164-176. Pfaller, M. A., Diekema, D. J., Ghannoum, M. A., Rex, J. H., Alexander, B. D., Andes, D., ... & Johnson, E. M. (2009). Wild-type MIC distribution and epidemiological cutoff values for Aspergillus fumigatus and three triazoles as determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution methods. Journal of clinical microbiology, 47(10), 3142-3146. Pierce, C. G., Srinivasan, A., Uppuluri, P., Ramasubramanian, A. K., & López-Ribot, J. L. (2013). Antifungal therapy with an emphasis on biofilms. Current opinion in pharmacology, 13(5), 726-730. Sabol, K., & Gumbo, T. (2008). Anidulafungin in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 4(1), 71. Sanguinetti, M., Posteraro, B., & Lass‐Flörl, C. (2015). Antifungal drug resistance among Candida species: mechanisms and clinical impact. Mycoses, 58(S2), 2-13. Sanguinetti, M., Posteraro, P., & Posteraro, B. (2010). Echinocandin antifungal drug resistance in Candida species: a cause for concern?. Current infectious disease reports, 12(6), 437-443. Talbot, J. J., Kidd, S. E., Martin, P., Beatty, J. A., & Barrs, V. R. (2015). Azole resistance in canine and feline isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases, 42, 37-41.
Sistemik Aspergillosis ve Kandidiyazisin Tedavisinde Ekinokandin Grubu Antimikotiklerin Etkinliği ve Veteriner Hekimliğindeki Yeri
Öz
İnsan ve hayvan sağlığı açısından fungal hastalıklar büyük sorun yaratmaktadır. Bu nedenle son kırk yılda pek çok antifungal üretilmiş ve sağlık alanında kullanıma başlanmıştır. İlaçların kullanımı ile birlikte dirençli mantar etkenlerinin ortaya çıkması sık kullanılan antimikotiklerin yerine alternatif ilaçların üretilmesini zorunlu kılmıştır. Bu derlemede, sistemik mikozlardan Candida spp. ve Aspergillus spp. tedavisinde uzun süredir kullanılan, polien ve azol grubu antifungallere alternatif olarak; veteriner hekimlikte ekinokandin grubu ilaçların kullanımının arttırılması yönünde bilinç uyandırmak amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bachmann, S. P., VandeWalle, K., Ramage, G., Patterson, T. F., Wickes, B. L., Graybill, J. R., & Lopez-Ribot, J. L. (2002). In vitro activity of caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 (11):3591-3596. Balashov, S. V., Park, S. & Perlin, D. S. (2006). Assessing resistance to th echinocandin antifungal drug caspofungin in Candida albicans by profiling mutations in FKS1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 (6):2058-2063. Barrs, V. R., Halliday, C., Martin, P., Wilson, B., Krockenberger, M., Gunew, M., ... & Hocking, A. (2012). Sinonasal and sino-orbital aspergillosis in 23 cats: aetiology, clinicopathological features and treatment outcomes. The Veterinary Journal, 191(1), 58-64. Barrs, V. R., van Doorn, T. M., Houbraken, J., Kidd, S. E., Martin, P., Pinheiro, M. D., ... & Samson, R. A. (2013). Aspergillus felis sp. nov., an emerging agent of invasive aspergillosis in humans, cats, and dogs. PLoS One, 8(6), e64871. Barrs, V. R., Ujvari, B., Dhand, N. K., Peters, I. R., Talbot, J., Johnson, L. R., ... & Belov, K. (2015). Detection of Aspergillus-specific antibodies by agar gel double immunodiffusion and IgG ELISA in feline upper respiratory tract aspergillosis. The Veterinary Journal, 203(3), 285-289. Bowman, J. C., Hicks, P. S., Kurtz, M. B., Rosen, H., Schmatz, D. M., Liberator, P. A., & Douglas, C. M. (2002). The antifungal echinocandin caspofungin acetate kills growing cells of Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 46(9), 3001-3012. Bowman, J. C., Abruzzo, G. K., Flattery, A. M., Gill, C. J., Hickey, E. J., Hsu, M. J., ... & Wang, T. C. (2006). Efficacy of caspofungin against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus nidulans. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 50(12), 4202-4205. Brown, G. D., Denning, D. W., Gow, N. A., Levitz, S. M., Netea, M. G., & White, T. C. (2012). Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Science translational medicine, 4(165), 165rv13-165rv13. Calvo, E., Pastor, F. J., Salas, V., Mayayo, E., & Guarro, J. (2012). Combined therapy of voriconazole and anidulafungin in murine infections by Aspergillus flavus. Mycopathologia, 173(4), 251-257. Chandrasekar, P. H., & Sobel, J. D. (2006). Micafungin: a new echinocandin. Clinical infectious diseases, 42(8), 1171-1178. Chen, S. C. A., Slavin, M. A., & Sorrell, T. C. (2011). Echinocandin antifungal drugs in fungal infections. Drugs, 71(1), 11-41. Cleveland, A. A., Farley, M. M., Harrison, L. H., Stein, B., Hollick, R., Lockhart, S. R., ... & Chiller, T. M. (2012). Changes in incidence and antifungal drug resistance in candidemia: results from population-based laboratory surveillance in Atlanta and Baltimore, 2008–2011. Clinical infectious diseases, 55(10), 1352-1361. Denning, D. W. (2002). Echinocandins: a new class of antifungal. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 49(6), 889-891. DiDone, L., Oga, D., & Krysan, D. J. (2011). A novel assay of biofilm antifungal activity reveals that amphotericin B and caspofungin lyse Candida albicans cells in biofilms. Yeast, 28(8), 561-568. Duchaussoy, A. C., Rose, A., Talbot, J. J., & Barrs, V. R. (2015). Gastrointestinal granuloma due to Candida albicans in an immunocompetent cat. Medical mycology case reports, 10, 14-17. Emri, T., Majoros, L., Tóth, V., & Pócsi, I. (2013). Echinocandins: production and applications. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 97(8), 3267-3284. Espinel-Ingroff, A., Fothergill, A., Fuller, J., Johnson, E., Pelaez, T., & Turnidge, J. (2011). Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for caspofungin and Aspergillus spp. for the CLSI broth microdilution method (M38-A2 document). Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 55(6), 2855-2859. Foy, D. S., & Trepanier, L. A. (2010). Antifungal treatment of small animal veterinary patients. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 40(6), 1171-1188. Garcia-Effron, G., Lee, S., Park, S., Cleary, J. D., & Perlin, D. S. (2009). Effect of Candida glabrata FKS1 and FKS2 mutations on echinocandin sensitivity and kinetics of 1, 3-β-d-glucan synthase: implication for the existing susceptibility breakpoint. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 53(9), 3690-3699. Hartmann, K., Lloret, A., Pennisi, M. G., Ferrer, L., Addie, D., Belák, S., ... & Hosie, M. J. (2013). Aspergillosis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 15(7), 605-610. Ibrahim, A. S., Gebremariam, T., Lin, L., Luo, G., Husseiny, M. I., Skory, C. D., ... & Spellberg, B. (2010). The high affinity iron permease is a key virulence factor required for Rhizopus oryzae pathogenesis. Molecular microbiology, 77(3), 587-604. Ishihara, S., Hirata, A., Nogami, S., Beauvais, A., Latge, J. P., & Ohya, Y. (2007). Homologous subunits of 1, 3-beta-glucan synthase are important for spore wall assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryotic cell, 6(2), 143-156. Jadhav, V. J., & Pal, M. (2006). Estomatitis en perros por Candida albicans. Revista iberoamericana de micología, 23(4), 233-234. Kano, R., Itamoto, K., Okuda, M., Inokuma, H., Hasegawa, A., & Balajee, S. A. (2008). Isolation of Aspergillus udagawae from a fatal case of feline orbital aspergillosis. Mycoses, 51(4), 360-361. Katiyar, S. K., Alastruey-Izquierdo, A., Healey, K. R., Johnson, M. E., Perlin, D. S., & Edlind, T. D. (2012). Fks1 and Fks2 are functionally redundant but differentially regulated in Candida glabrata: implications for echinocandin resistance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 56(12), 6304-6309. Kofla, G., & Ruhnke, M. (2011). Pharmacology and metabolism of anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin in the treatment of invasive candidosis-review of the literature. European journal of medical research, 16(4), 159. Kucharíková, S., Sharma, N., Spriet, I., Maertens, J., Van Dijck, P., & Lagrou, K. (2013). Activities of systemically administered echinocandins against in vivo mature Candida albicans biofilms developed in a rat subcutaneous model. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 57(5), 2365-2368. Leshinsky, J., McLachlan, A., Foster, D. J., Norris, R., & Barrs, V. R. (2017). Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin acetate to guide optimal dosing in cats. PloS one, 12(6), e0178783. Maraki, S., Hamilos, G., Dimopoulou, D., Andrianaki, A. M., Karageorgiadis, A. S., Kyvernitakis, A., ... & Samonis, G. (2015). Study on the comparative activity of echinocandins on murine gut colonization by Candida albicans. Medical mycology, 53(6), 597-602. Mazur, P., Morin, N., Baginsky, W., El-Sherbeini, M., Clemas, J. A., Nielsen, J. B., & Foor, F. (1995). Differential expression and function of two homologous subunits of yeast 1, 3-beta-D-glucan synthase. Molecular and cellular biology, 15(10), 5671-5681. Miller, C. D., Lomaestro, B. W., Park, S., & Perlin, D. S. (2006). Progressive esophagitis caused by Candida albicans with reduced susceptibility to caspofungin. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 26(6), 877-880. Morace, G., Borghi, E., Iatta, R., & Montagna, M. T. (2009). Anidulafungin, a new echinocandin. Drugs, 69(1), 91-94. Morrison, V. A. (2006). Echinocandin antifungals: review and update. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 4(2), 325-342. Mukherjee, P. K., Sheehan, D., Puzniak, L., Schlamm, H., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2011). Echinocandins: are they all the same?. Journal of Chemotherapy, 23(6), 319-325. Ong, R. K., Raisis, A. L., & Swindells, K. L. (2010). Candida albicans peritonitis in a dog. Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care, 20(1), 143-147. Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Rex, J. H., Pappas, P. G., Hamill, R. J., Larsen, R. A., Horowitz, H. W., ... & Mangino, J. E. (2003). Antifungal susceptibility survey of 2,000 bloodstream Candida isolates in the United States. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 47(10), 3149-3154. Pappas, P. G., Kauffman, C. A., Andes, D. R., Clancy, C. J., Marr, K. A., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., ... & Zaoutis, T. E. (2015). Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 62(4), e1-e50. Pelaez, T., Alvarez-Perez, S., Mellado, E., Serrano, D., Valerio, M., Blanco, J. L., ... & Bouza, E. (2013). Invasive aspergillosis caused by cryptic Aspergillus species: a report of two consecutive episodes in a patient with leukaemia. Journal of medical microbiology, 62(3), 474-478. Perlin, D. S. (2014). Echinocandin resistance, susceptibility testing and prophylaxis: implications for patient management. Drugs, 74(14), 1573-1585. Perlin, D. S. (2015a). Echinocandin resistance in Candida. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 61(6), 612-617. Perlin, D. S. (2015b). Mechanisms of echinocandin antifungal drug resistance. Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences, 1354(1), 1-11. Petraitiene, R., Petraitis, V., Groll, A. H., Sein, T., Schaufele, R. L., Francesconi, A., ... & Walsh, T. J. (2002). Antifungal efficacy of caspofungin (MK-0991) in experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits: pharmacokinetics, drug disposition, and relationship to galactomannan antigenemia. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 46(1), 12-23. Pfaller, M. A., Castanheira, M., Lockhart, S. R., Ahlquist, A. M., Messer, S. A., & Jones, R. N. (2012). Frequency of decreased susceptibility and resistance to echinocandins among fluconazole-resistant bloodstream isolates of Candida glabrata. Journal of clinical microbiology, 50(4), 1199-1203. Pfaller, M. A., Diekema, D. J., Andes, D., Arendrup, M. C., Brown, S. D., Lockhart, S. R., ... & Perlin, D. S. (2011). Clinical breakpoints for the echinocandins and Candida revisited: integration of molecular, clinical, and microbiological data to arrive at species-specific interpretive criteria. Drug Resistance Updates, 14(3), 164-176. Pfaller, M. A., Diekema, D. J., Ghannoum, M. A., Rex, J. H., Alexander, B. D., Andes, D., ... & Johnson, E. M. (2009). Wild-type MIC distribution and epidemiological cutoff values for Aspergillus fumigatus and three triazoles as determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution methods. Journal of clinical microbiology, 47(10), 3142-3146. Pierce, C. G., Srinivasan, A., Uppuluri, P., Ramasubramanian, A. K., & López-Ribot, J. L. (2013). Antifungal therapy with an emphasis on biofilms. Current opinion in pharmacology, 13(5), 726-730. Sabol, K., & Gumbo, T. (2008). Anidulafungin in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 4(1), 71. Sanguinetti, M., Posteraro, B., & Lass‐Flörl, C. (2015). Antifungal drug resistance among Candida species: mechanisms and clinical impact. Mycoses, 58(S2), 2-13. Sanguinetti, M., Posteraro, P., & Posteraro, B. (2010). Echinocandin antifungal drug resistance in Candida species: a cause for concern?. Current infectious disease reports, 12(6), 437-443. Talbot, J. J., Kidd, S. E., Martin, P., Beatty, J. A., & Barrs, V. R. (2015). Azole resistance in canine and feline isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases, 42, 37-41.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Cerrahi |
| Bölüm | Düzeltme |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 13 Kasım 2018 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 17 Aralık 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3 |
Kaynak Göster
