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The Turkish Form of the Career Exploration and Decision-Making Learning Experiences Scale: Validity and Reliability Studies

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 64 - 79, 28.02.2025

Abstract

The role of past career exploration and decision-making learning experiences in the career exploration and decision-making process as facilitators or hinderers is theoretically known. However, empirical support for the role of past career exploration and decision-making learning experiences in the career exploration and decision-making process is limited due to the lack of a valid and reliable measurement tool. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the validity and reliability of the Career Exploration and Decision-Making Learning Experiences Scale Turkish form. In this context, two separate studies were conducted. In Study 1, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to validate the factor structure of the Turkish version of the Career Exploration and Decision-Making Learning Experiences Scale. In Study 2, multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the predictive role of career exploration and decision-making learning experiences on self-efficacy and outcome expectations related to the same behavioral domain. The findings of Study 1 confirmed the five-factor structure (mastery experiences, verbal persuasion, vicarious learning, positive emotion, and negative emotion) of the Turkish version of the Career Exploration and Decision-Making Learning Experiences Scale. The Cronbach's alpha values for the Turkish version of the scale ranged from .73 to .89 in Study 1 and from .69 to .84 in Study 2. The results of Study 2 indicated that mastery experiences, vicarious learning, and positive emotion positively predicted both self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Additionally, negative emotion was found to positively predict outcome expectations. The results are discussed in the light of the relevant literature, and limitations and recommendations are presented.

Ethical Statement

The compliance of this study with scientific research and publication ethics was approved by the Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee at its meeting dated 28.11.2023 and numbered 14 (Decision number: 2023.14.310).

References

  • Ægisdóttir, S., Gerstein, L. H., & Çinarbaş, D. C. (2008). Methodological issues in cross-cultural counseling research: Equivalence, bias, and translations. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(2), 188–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000007305384
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  • Bandura, A.(1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman.
  • Betz, N. E., Klein, K. L., & Taylor, K. M. (1996). Evaluation of a short form of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279600400103
  • Betz, N. E., & Voyten, K. K. (1997). Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career exploration and decidedness. The Career Development Quarterly, 46(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1997.tb01004.x
  • Bike, D. H. (2013). Career decision learning experiences: Development and validation of a scale [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Missouri–Columbia.
  • Brown, S. D., Hacker, J., Abrams, M., Carr, A., Rector, C., Lamp, K., Telander, K., & Siena, A. (2012). Validation of a four-factor model of career indecision. Journal of Career Assessment, 20(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711417154
  • Büyükgöze-Kavas, A. (2011). Testing a model of career ındecision among university students based on social cognitive career theory [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Middle East Tecnical University.
  • Chang, B., Zekai, L., Wang, L., Zhong, L., & Shen, Y. (2023). A latent profile analysis linking career learning experience profile to career decision-making difficulties. The Career Development Quarterly, 71, 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12322
  • Choi, B. Y., Park, H., Yang, E., Lee, S. K., Lee, Y., & Lee, S. M. (2012). Understanding career decision self-efficacy: A meta-analytic approach. Journal of Career Development, 39(5), 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845311398042
  • Çarkıt, E. (2024a). Adaptation to turkish of the career exploration and decision self‐efficacy scale. The Career Development Quarterly, 72(3), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12353
  • Çarkıt, E. (2024b). Validating the Turkish versions of the Career Decision-Making Outcome Expectancies and the Career Decision-Making Exploratory Intentions Scales in undergraduate students. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 14(2), 884–895. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1470007
  • Demirtaş-Zorbaz, S., Korkut-Owen, F., Arıcı-Şahin, F., & Mutlu, T. (2023). Career sailboat: A model for enhancing career decision-making self-efficacy among job-seekers. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 51(2), 284-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2023.2177615
  • Garrison, Y. L., Kim, T., Son, Y., Aldrich, C., Ali, S. R., & Jiao, T. (2023). Fluent or discriminated? English language and experiential sources of career self-efficacy among Asian international students in the United States. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-023-09620-z
  • Garriott, P. O., Hunt, H. K., Navarro, R. L., Flores, L. Y., Lee, B. H., Suh, H. N., Brionez, J., Slivensky, D., Lee, H. S. (2021). Development and initial validation of the engineering learning experiences scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 124, 103516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103516
  • Gerçek, M., Elmas-Atay, S., & Yılmaz, D. (2023). Engineering Learning Experiences: A Scale Adaptation and Validation into Turkish. Journal of Career Development, 50(3) 612–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453221120685
  • Hacker, J., Carr, A., Abrams, M., & Brown, S. D. (2013). Development of the Career Indecision Profile: Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of Career Assessment, 21(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072712453832
  • Ireland, G. W., & Lent, R. W. (2018). Career exploration and decision-making learning experiences: A test of the career self-management model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 106, 37–47. https://doi.org/101016/j.jvb.2017.11.004
  • Koçakoğlu, M. G., & Yalçın, B. (2020). Kariyer gelişim sürecinde aile. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 6(37), 1921-1929.
  • Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2013). Social cognitive model of career self-management: Toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 557–568. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0033446
  • Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
  • Lent, R. W., Ezeofor, I., Morrison, M. A., Penn, L. T., & Ireland, G. W. (2016). Applying the social cognitive model of career self-management to career exploration and decision-making. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 93, 47–57. https://doi.org/101016/j.jvb.2015.12.007
  • Lent, R. W., Ireland, G. W., Penn, L. T., Morris, T. R., & Sappington, R. (2017). Sources of self-efficacy and outcome expectations for career exploration and decision-making: A test of the social cognitive model of career self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 107–117. https://doi.org/101016/j.jvb.2017.01.002
  • Lent, R. W., Morris, T. R., Penn, L. T., & Ireland, G. W. (2019). Social–cognitive predictors of career exploration and decision-making: Longitudinal test of the career self-management model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(2), 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000307
  • Lent, R. W., Wang, R. J., Morris, T. R., Ireland, G. W., & Penn, L. T. (2019). Viewing the Career Indecision Profile within a theoretical context: Application of the social cognitive career self-management model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(6), 690–700. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000367
  • Levin, N., Lipshits-Braziler, Y., & Gati, I. (2024). Patterns of career decision-making difficulties in 16 countries: A person-centered investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 71(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000704
  • Li, H., Ngo H.-Y., & Cheung F. (2019). Linking protean career orientation and career decidedness: The mediating role of career decision self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115, 103322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103322
  • Morris, T. R., & Lent, R. W. (2023). Revisiting the bottleneck hypothesis: The role of sexual identity development in the career exploration and decision-making of sexual minority college students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 141, 103838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103838
  • Öztemel, K. (2012). Relationships between career indecision career decision making self-efficacy and locus of control. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(2), 459–477.
  • Öztemel, K. (2013). Testing the validity of the emotional and personality-related career decision-making difficulties questionnaire in Turkish culture. Journal of Career Development, 40(5), 390–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845312468060
  • Özyürek, R. (2002). Liseli öğrenciler için matematik yetkinlik beklentisi bilgilendirici kaynaklar ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Ön çalışma. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 502–531.
  • Özyürek, R. (2005). Informative sources of math-related self-efficacy expectations and their relationship with math-related self-efficacy, interest, and preference. International Journal of Psychology, 40(3), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590444000249
  • Özyürek, R. (2010). Matematik Yetkinlik Beklentisi Bilgilendirici Kaynaklar Ölçeği'nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 419–447.
  • Penn, L. T., & Lent, R. W. (2019). The joint roles of career decision self-efficacy and personality traits in the prediction of career decidedness and decisional difficulty. Journal of Career Assessment, 27(3), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072718758296
  • Super, D. E., Savickas. M. L., & Super, C. M. (1996). The life-span, life-space approach to careers. In D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associate (Eds.), Career choice and development: Applying contemporary theories to practice (3rd ed., pp. 121–178). Jossey-Bass.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
  • Ulaş, Ö., & Kızıldağ, S. (2018). Kariyer engelleri ölçeği’nin (KEÖ) geliştirilmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(1), 182-196.
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/101177/0011000006288127
  • Zhou, Y., & Xu, G. (2022). Career Exploration and Decision-Making Learning Experiences (CEDLE) Scales: Validation among Chinese vocational college students. Journal of Career Development, 49(4), 846–861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845321998004

Kariyer Araştırma ve Karar Verme Öğrenme Deneyimleri Ölçeği Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 64 - 79, 28.02.2025

Abstract

Kariyer araştırma ve karar verme sürecinde, bu sürece ilişkin geçmiş öğrenme deneyimlerinin kolaylaştırıcı veya engelleyici rolü kuramsal olarak bilinmektedir. Ancak, kariyer araştırma ve karar verme sürecinde, bu sürece ilişkin geçmiş öğrenme deneyimlerinin rolüne ilişkin ampirik destek, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı eksikliğinden sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmanın amacı Kariyer Araştırma ve Karar Verme Öğrenme Deneyimleri Ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliğini incelemektir. Ayrıca kariyer araştırma ve karar verme öğrenme deneyimlerinin aynı davranışsal alana ilişkin öz yetkinlik ve sonuç beklentilerini yordayıcı rolünü incelemek de amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, iki ayrı çalışma yürütülmüştür. Çalışma 1’de Kariyer Araştırma ve Karar Verme Öğrenme Deneyimleri Ölçeği Türkçe formunun faktör yapısının doğrulanması için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışma 2’de ise kariyer araştırma ve karar verme öğrenme deneyimlerinin aynı davranışsal alana ilişkin öz yetkinlik ve sonuç beklentilerini yordayıcı rolünü incelemek için çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Çalışma 1’in sonuçları Türkçe Kariyer Araştırma ve Karar Verme Öğrenme Deneyimleri Ölçeği’nin ilişkili beş faktörlü (başarılı performanslar, sözel ikna, dolaylı öğrenme, pozitif duygu ve negatif duygu) yapısını doğrulamıştır. Kariyer Araştırma ve Karar Verme Öğrenme Deneyimleri Ölçeği Türkçe formunun Cronbach alfa değerleri Çalışma 1’de .73 ile .89, Çalışma 2’de .69 ile .84 aralığında bulunmuştur. Çalışma 2 sonuçları başarılı performanslar, dolaylı öğrenme ve pozitif duygu öz yetkinliği ve sonuç beklentilerini pozitif yönde yordadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca negatif duygu sonuç beklentilerini pozitif olarak yorduyordu. Sonuçlar ilgili literatür çerçevesinde tartışılmış, sınırlılıklar ve öneriler sunulmuştur.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiğine uygunluğu Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar ve Yayın Etik Kurulu’nun 28.11.2023 tarih ve 14 sayılı toplantısında onaylanmıştır (Karar sayısı: 2023.14.310).

References

  • Ægisdóttir, S., Gerstein, L. H., & Çinarbaş, D. C. (2008). Methodological issues in cross-cultural counseling research: Equivalence, bias, and translations. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(2), 188–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000007305384
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  • Bandura, A.(1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman.
  • Betz, N. E., Klein, K. L., & Taylor, K. M. (1996). Evaluation of a short form of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279600400103
  • Betz, N. E., & Voyten, K. K. (1997). Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career exploration and decidedness. The Career Development Quarterly, 46(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1997.tb01004.x
  • Bike, D. H. (2013). Career decision learning experiences: Development and validation of a scale [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Missouri–Columbia.
  • Brown, S. D., Hacker, J., Abrams, M., Carr, A., Rector, C., Lamp, K., Telander, K., & Siena, A. (2012). Validation of a four-factor model of career indecision. Journal of Career Assessment, 20(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711417154
  • Büyükgöze-Kavas, A. (2011). Testing a model of career ındecision among university students based on social cognitive career theory [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Middle East Tecnical University.
  • Chang, B., Zekai, L., Wang, L., Zhong, L., & Shen, Y. (2023). A latent profile analysis linking career learning experience profile to career decision-making difficulties. The Career Development Quarterly, 71, 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12322
  • Choi, B. Y., Park, H., Yang, E., Lee, S. K., Lee, Y., & Lee, S. M. (2012). Understanding career decision self-efficacy: A meta-analytic approach. Journal of Career Development, 39(5), 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845311398042
  • Çarkıt, E. (2024a). Adaptation to turkish of the career exploration and decision self‐efficacy scale. The Career Development Quarterly, 72(3), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12353
  • Çarkıt, E. (2024b). Validating the Turkish versions of the Career Decision-Making Outcome Expectancies and the Career Decision-Making Exploratory Intentions Scales in undergraduate students. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 14(2), 884–895. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1470007
  • Demirtaş-Zorbaz, S., Korkut-Owen, F., Arıcı-Şahin, F., & Mutlu, T. (2023). Career sailboat: A model for enhancing career decision-making self-efficacy among job-seekers. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 51(2), 284-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2023.2177615
  • Garrison, Y. L., Kim, T., Son, Y., Aldrich, C., Ali, S. R., & Jiao, T. (2023). Fluent or discriminated? English language and experiential sources of career self-efficacy among Asian international students in the United States. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-023-09620-z
  • Garriott, P. O., Hunt, H. K., Navarro, R. L., Flores, L. Y., Lee, B. H., Suh, H. N., Brionez, J., Slivensky, D., Lee, H. S. (2021). Development and initial validation of the engineering learning experiences scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 124, 103516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103516
  • Gerçek, M., Elmas-Atay, S., & Yılmaz, D. (2023). Engineering Learning Experiences: A Scale Adaptation and Validation into Turkish. Journal of Career Development, 50(3) 612–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453221120685
  • Hacker, J., Carr, A., Abrams, M., & Brown, S. D. (2013). Development of the Career Indecision Profile: Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of Career Assessment, 21(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072712453832
  • Ireland, G. W., & Lent, R. W. (2018). Career exploration and decision-making learning experiences: A test of the career self-management model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 106, 37–47. https://doi.org/101016/j.jvb.2017.11.004
  • Koçakoğlu, M. G., & Yalçın, B. (2020). Kariyer gelişim sürecinde aile. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 6(37), 1921-1929.
  • Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2013). Social cognitive model of career self-management: Toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 557–568. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0033446
  • Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
  • Lent, R. W., Ezeofor, I., Morrison, M. A., Penn, L. T., & Ireland, G. W. (2016). Applying the social cognitive model of career self-management to career exploration and decision-making. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 93, 47–57. https://doi.org/101016/j.jvb.2015.12.007
  • Lent, R. W., Ireland, G. W., Penn, L. T., Morris, T. R., & Sappington, R. (2017). Sources of self-efficacy and outcome expectations for career exploration and decision-making: A test of the social cognitive model of career self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 107–117. https://doi.org/101016/j.jvb.2017.01.002
  • Lent, R. W., Morris, T. R., Penn, L. T., & Ireland, G. W. (2019). Social–cognitive predictors of career exploration and decision-making: Longitudinal test of the career self-management model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(2), 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000307
  • Lent, R. W., Wang, R. J., Morris, T. R., Ireland, G. W., & Penn, L. T. (2019). Viewing the Career Indecision Profile within a theoretical context: Application of the social cognitive career self-management model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(6), 690–700. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000367
  • Levin, N., Lipshits-Braziler, Y., & Gati, I. (2024). Patterns of career decision-making difficulties in 16 countries: A person-centered investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 71(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000704
  • Li, H., Ngo H.-Y., & Cheung F. (2019). Linking protean career orientation and career decidedness: The mediating role of career decision self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115, 103322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103322
  • Morris, T. R., & Lent, R. W. (2023). Revisiting the bottleneck hypothesis: The role of sexual identity development in the career exploration and decision-making of sexual minority college students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 141, 103838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103838
  • Öztemel, K. (2012). Relationships between career indecision career decision making self-efficacy and locus of control. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(2), 459–477.
  • Öztemel, K. (2013). Testing the validity of the emotional and personality-related career decision-making difficulties questionnaire in Turkish culture. Journal of Career Development, 40(5), 390–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845312468060
  • Özyürek, R. (2002). Liseli öğrenciler için matematik yetkinlik beklentisi bilgilendirici kaynaklar ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Ön çalışma. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 502–531.
  • Özyürek, R. (2005). Informative sources of math-related self-efficacy expectations and their relationship with math-related self-efficacy, interest, and preference. International Journal of Psychology, 40(3), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590444000249
  • Özyürek, R. (2010). Matematik Yetkinlik Beklentisi Bilgilendirici Kaynaklar Ölçeği'nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 419–447.
  • Penn, L. T., & Lent, R. W. (2019). The joint roles of career decision self-efficacy and personality traits in the prediction of career decidedness and decisional difficulty. Journal of Career Assessment, 27(3), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072718758296
  • Super, D. E., Savickas. M. L., & Super, C. M. (1996). The life-span, life-space approach to careers. In D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associate (Eds.), Career choice and development: Applying contemporary theories to practice (3rd ed., pp. 121–178). Jossey-Bass.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
  • Ulaş, Ö., & Kızıldağ, S. (2018). Kariyer engelleri ölçeği’nin (KEÖ) geliştirilmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(1), 182-196.
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/101177/0011000006288127
  • Zhou, Y., & Xu, G. (2022). Career Exploration and Decision-Making Learning Experiences (CEDLE) Scales: Validation among Chinese vocational college students. Journal of Career Development, 49(4), 846–861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845321998004
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Specialist Studies in Education (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ersoy Çarkıt 0000-0002-9811-9135

Sami Kırteke 0000-0002-5980-2185

Publication Date February 28, 2025
Submission Date December 25, 2024
Acceptance Date February 21, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çarkıt, E., & Kırteke, S. (2025). The Turkish Form of the Career Exploration and Decision-Making Learning Experiences Scale: Validity and Reliability Studies. International Journal of Educational Spectrum, 7(1), 64-79. https://doi.org/10.47806/ijesacademic.1606188

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