Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu olan Çocuklar için Tasarım Tabanlı Araştırma Yaklaşımına Dayalı Eğitsel Oyun Tasarımı
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 73 - 99, 23.06.2017
Suzan Duygu Bedir Erişti
,
Mehmet Fırat
,
Serkan İzmirli
Beril Ceylan
Öz
Teknoloji odaklı ortamlar, Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu (OSB) tanısı konulmuş ve öğrenme güçlüğü çeken çocukların sosyal etkileşim, iletişim becerileri ve davranış ihtiyaçlarını kişileştirmelerini desteklemektedir. Bilgisayar oyunları, OSB tanısı konulan çocukların ilgisini çekmekte ve bu bağlamda kimi becerilerin kazandırılmasını olanaklı hale getirmektedir. Bu araştırma 2009-2011 yılları arasında Otistik Çocuklar Eğitim Merkezinde (OÇEM) yaşları 5-7 arasında değişen dört OSB’li öğrencinin davranışlarının gözlemlenmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkan odaklanma problemini merkeze alan, görsel dikkat odaklı oyun tasarımı geliştirme sürecini içermektedir. OSB’li çocukların oyun tasarımına ilişkin tercihlerini belirlemek amacıyla katılımcı gözlem süreci ve tasarım tabanlı araştırma deseni birlikte işe koşulmuştur. Bu süreçte araştırmacılar tarafından saha notları tutulmuş ve OÇEM’de görev alan öğretmenlerle informal görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tasarım tabanlı araştırma yöntemine dayalı olarak yürütülen süreç sonunda OSB’li çocukların ihtiyaçlarına cevap vermesi amaçlanan bir eğitsel oyun tasarımı geliştirilmiştir. Süreçte öğretmenlerden öğrenci ihtiyaçları ve öğretim amaçları konusunda dönütler alınarak tasarıma yansıtılmıştır. Süreç sonunda, toplam beş etkinlik ile eğitsel oyun tasarımı tamamlanmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Akbulut, A., 2015. Bilgisayar Destekli Otizm Terapi Sistemi Tasarımı. Tıp Teknolojileri Ulusal Kongresi Özet kitabı (TIPTEKNO’15) içinde, 46-48, Muğla, Türkiye, 15-18 Ekim 2015.
- Akechi, H., Senju, A., Kikuchi, Y., Tojo, Y., Osanai, H., and Hasegawa, T., 2010. The effect of gaze direction on the processing of facial expressions in children with autism spectrum disorder: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 48(10), 2841–2851. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.026
- Balcı, A., 2005. Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntem teknik ve ilkeler (5. Baskı). Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık.
- Baron-Cohen, S., Ashwin, E., Ashwin, C., Tavassoli, T., and Chakrabarti, B., 2009. Talent in autism: Hyper-Systemizing, hyper-attention to detail and sensory hypersensitivity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 364(1522), 1377–1383. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0337
- Bedford, R., Elsabbagh, M., Gliga, T., Pickles, A., Senju, A., Charman, T., and Johnson, M. H., 2012. Precursors to social and communication difficulties in infants atrisk for autism: Gaze following and attentional engagement. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42 (10), 2208-2218.
- Brohart, J. A., 2007. Breaking Eye Contact. http://autismhelpforyou.com/New%20-%20breaking_eye_contact%20-%20Book%202.htm adresinden 20. 01. 2010 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDP), 2009. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). http://cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-dsm.html adresinden 10.01.2010 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Chawarska, K., Macari, S., and Shic, F., 2012. Context modulates attention to social scenes in toddlers with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(8), 903-913.
- Cobb, P., Confrey, J., diSessa, A., Lehrer, R. and Schauble, L., 2003. Design experiments in educational research. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 9–13.
- Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J. and Clubley, E., 2001. The Autism-Specturm Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-Functioning autism and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5-17.
- Collins, A., Joseph, D. and Bielaczyc, K., 2004. Design research: Theoretical and methodological issues. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(1), 15–42.
- Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Alexander, A. L., and Davidson, R. J., 2007. Gaze- fixation, brain activation, and amygdala volume in unaffected siblings of individuals with autism. Biological Psychiatry, 61 (4), 512-520.
- DeWalt, K. M. and DeWalt, B. R., 2002. Participant observation: a guide for fieldworkers. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
- Diken, I. H., 2012. Türk annelerinin ve özel gereksinimli çocuklarının etkileşimsel davranışlarının araştırılması: erken müdahaleye yönelik öneriler (An Exploration of Interactional Behaviors of Turkish Mothers and their Children with Special Needs: Implications for Early Intervention Practices). Eğitim ve Bilim, 37, 163.
- Erişti, S.D., Fırat, M., İzmirli, S. ve Ceylan, B., 2010. OSB olan çocuklarda odaklanma problemine ilişkin bilgisayar destekli etkinlik üretimi. 4. Uluslararası Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Sempozyumu. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi, Türkiye, 24-26 Eylül.
- Faja, S., Aylward, E., Bernier, R., and Dawson, G., 2008. Becoming a face expert: A computerized face-training program for high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33(1), 1–24. doi: 10.1080/87565640701729573
- Field, B., 2009. Autism and tactics for building eye contact. http://www.examiner.com/x-2195-Autism-Examiner~y2009m3d9-Autism-and-tactics-for-building-eye-contact adresinden 10.01.2010 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Gerdts, J. and Bernier, R., 2011. The Broad Autism Phenotype and its implications on the etiology and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research and Treatment, 1-19.
- Gordon, S., 2008. Autistic children make limited eye contact. http://news.healingwell.com/index.php?p=news1&id=618173 adresinden 12.12.2009 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Harchik, A., 2005. Positive reinforcement and autism. http://www.newsforparents.org/expert_autism_reinforcement.html adresinden 10.01.2010 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Hatay Otizm Derneği, 2016. http://aa.com.tr/tr/saglik/otistik-cocuklara-eglenceli-tedavi/586365 adresinden 23.08.2016 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Howlin, P., Baron-Cohen, S., J. and Hadwin, J., 1999. Teaching Children with autism to mind-read, John Wiley and Sons. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03/050309151153.htm adresinden 20.01.2009 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Kelly, A. E., 2003. The role of design in educational research. Educational Researcher, 32(1).
- Liu, E. Z. F., Lee, C. Y., and Chen, J. H., 2013. Developing a new computer game attitude scale for Taiwanese early adolescents. Educational Technology & Society, 16(1), 183–193.
- Madsen, M. el Kaliouby, R., Goodwin, M. and Picard, R. W., 2008. Technology for just-in-time in-situ learning of facial affect for persons diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder,” Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS), Halifax, Canada.
- Marshall, C. and Rossman, G. B. (1995). Designing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Newell, L. C., Best, C. A., Gastgeb, H., Rump, K. M., and Strauss, M. S., 2010. The development of categorization and facial knowledge: Implications for the study of autism. Infant Perception and Cognition: Recent Advances, Emerging Theories, and Future Directions, 223-259.
- Novak, J., 2011. Game development essentials: An introduction. Delmar: Cengage Learning.
- Özer, D. ve Özer, K., 2000. Çocuklarda motor gelişimi. İstanbul: Kazancı Kitap Ticaret A.Ş.
- Plimley, L. and Bowem, M., 2007. Social skills and autistic spectrum disorders. London: Sage Publishing.
Tohum Otizm Vakfı., 2016. Tohum Otizm Vakfı Eğitim Portalı. http://www.tohumotizmportali.org/portal-hakkinda adresinden 25.08.2016 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Tsai, T.-W., and Lin, M.-Y., 2011. An application of interactive game for facial expression of the autisms. The Proceeding of 6th International Conference on E-learning and Games (Edutainment 2011) içinde, 204–211, Taipei, Taiwan, September 7-9.
- Van Eck, R., 2007. Building artificially intelligent learning games. D. Gibson, C. Aldrich and M. Prensky (Eds.), Games and simulations in online learning: Research and development Frameworks içinde, (pp. 271–307). Hershey, PA: Information Science.
- Wang, F. and Hannafin, M. J., 2005. Design-based research and technology-enhanced learning environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(4), 5-23.
Design Based Instructional Game Development for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 73 - 99, 23.06.2017
Suzan Duygu Bedir Erişti
,
Mehmet Fırat
,
Serkan İzmirli
Beril Ceylan
Öz
Technology based interactions encourage the children with learning disability such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) on social interaction, communication skills and in behavior through personalized learning environment. Computer games are significant for autistic children related motivation, interest and most of autistic children to gain some focusing skills related the computer based constructions. The present study examines the way of developing a game design conducted on four autistic children of age ranging from 5 to 7 based on participatory observation and design based research process related visual attention. Participatory observation and design based research were conducted to determine the autistic children’s preferences related computer game. As a result of observations and interviews, the educational game was designed. At the end of the design based research method, design based instructional game design developed through the autistic children’s’ needs and learning goals. The process includes the detailed analysis of the students and teacher’s needs and learning goals. In conclusion the educational game design process done with five games.
Kaynakça
- Akbulut, A., 2015. Bilgisayar Destekli Otizm Terapi Sistemi Tasarımı. Tıp Teknolojileri Ulusal Kongresi Özet kitabı (TIPTEKNO’15) içinde, 46-48, Muğla, Türkiye, 15-18 Ekim 2015.
- Akechi, H., Senju, A., Kikuchi, Y., Tojo, Y., Osanai, H., and Hasegawa, T., 2010. The effect of gaze direction on the processing of facial expressions in children with autism spectrum disorder: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 48(10), 2841–2851. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.026
- Balcı, A., 2005. Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntem teknik ve ilkeler (5. Baskı). Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık.
- Baron-Cohen, S., Ashwin, E., Ashwin, C., Tavassoli, T., and Chakrabarti, B., 2009. Talent in autism: Hyper-Systemizing, hyper-attention to detail and sensory hypersensitivity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 364(1522), 1377–1383. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0337
- Bedford, R., Elsabbagh, M., Gliga, T., Pickles, A., Senju, A., Charman, T., and Johnson, M. H., 2012. Precursors to social and communication difficulties in infants atrisk for autism: Gaze following and attentional engagement. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42 (10), 2208-2218.
- Brohart, J. A., 2007. Breaking Eye Contact. http://autismhelpforyou.com/New%20-%20breaking_eye_contact%20-%20Book%202.htm adresinden 20. 01. 2010 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDP), 2009. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). http://cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-dsm.html adresinden 10.01.2010 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Chawarska, K., Macari, S., and Shic, F., 2012. Context modulates attention to social scenes in toddlers with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(8), 903-913.
- Cobb, P., Confrey, J., diSessa, A., Lehrer, R. and Schauble, L., 2003. Design experiments in educational research. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 9–13.
- Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J. and Clubley, E., 2001. The Autism-Specturm Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-Functioning autism and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5-17.
- Collins, A., Joseph, D. and Bielaczyc, K., 2004. Design research: Theoretical and methodological issues. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(1), 15–42.
- Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Alexander, A. L., and Davidson, R. J., 2007. Gaze- fixation, brain activation, and amygdala volume in unaffected siblings of individuals with autism. Biological Psychiatry, 61 (4), 512-520.
- DeWalt, K. M. and DeWalt, B. R., 2002. Participant observation: a guide for fieldworkers. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
- Diken, I. H., 2012. Türk annelerinin ve özel gereksinimli çocuklarının etkileşimsel davranışlarının araştırılması: erken müdahaleye yönelik öneriler (An Exploration of Interactional Behaviors of Turkish Mothers and their Children with Special Needs: Implications for Early Intervention Practices). Eğitim ve Bilim, 37, 163.
- Erişti, S.D., Fırat, M., İzmirli, S. ve Ceylan, B., 2010. OSB olan çocuklarda odaklanma problemine ilişkin bilgisayar destekli etkinlik üretimi. 4. Uluslararası Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Sempozyumu. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi, Türkiye, 24-26 Eylül.
- Faja, S., Aylward, E., Bernier, R., and Dawson, G., 2008. Becoming a face expert: A computerized face-training program for high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33(1), 1–24. doi: 10.1080/87565640701729573
- Field, B., 2009. Autism and tactics for building eye contact. http://www.examiner.com/x-2195-Autism-Examiner~y2009m3d9-Autism-and-tactics-for-building-eye-contact adresinden 10.01.2010 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Gerdts, J. and Bernier, R., 2011. The Broad Autism Phenotype and its implications on the etiology and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research and Treatment, 1-19.
- Gordon, S., 2008. Autistic children make limited eye contact. http://news.healingwell.com/index.php?p=news1&id=618173 adresinden 12.12.2009 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Harchik, A., 2005. Positive reinforcement and autism. http://www.newsforparents.org/expert_autism_reinforcement.html adresinden 10.01.2010 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Hatay Otizm Derneği, 2016. http://aa.com.tr/tr/saglik/otistik-cocuklara-eglenceli-tedavi/586365 adresinden 23.08.2016 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Howlin, P., Baron-Cohen, S., J. and Hadwin, J., 1999. Teaching Children with autism to mind-read, John Wiley and Sons. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03/050309151153.htm adresinden 20.01.2009 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Kelly, A. E., 2003. The role of design in educational research. Educational Researcher, 32(1).
- Liu, E. Z. F., Lee, C. Y., and Chen, J. H., 2013. Developing a new computer game attitude scale for Taiwanese early adolescents. Educational Technology & Society, 16(1), 183–193.
- Madsen, M. el Kaliouby, R., Goodwin, M. and Picard, R. W., 2008. Technology for just-in-time in-situ learning of facial affect for persons diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder,” Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS), Halifax, Canada.
- Marshall, C. and Rossman, G. B. (1995). Designing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Newell, L. C., Best, C. A., Gastgeb, H., Rump, K. M., and Strauss, M. S., 2010. The development of categorization and facial knowledge: Implications for the study of autism. Infant Perception and Cognition: Recent Advances, Emerging Theories, and Future Directions, 223-259.
- Novak, J., 2011. Game development essentials: An introduction. Delmar: Cengage Learning.
- Özer, D. ve Özer, K., 2000. Çocuklarda motor gelişimi. İstanbul: Kazancı Kitap Ticaret A.Ş.
- Plimley, L. and Bowem, M., 2007. Social skills and autistic spectrum disorders. London: Sage Publishing.
Tohum Otizm Vakfı., 2016. Tohum Otizm Vakfı Eğitim Portalı. http://www.tohumotizmportali.org/portal-hakkinda adresinden 25.08.2016 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Tsai, T.-W., and Lin, M.-Y., 2011. An application of interactive game for facial expression of the autisms. The Proceeding of 6th International Conference on E-learning and Games (Edutainment 2011) içinde, 204–211, Taipei, Taiwan, September 7-9.
- Van Eck, R., 2007. Building artificially intelligent learning games. D. Gibson, C. Aldrich and M. Prensky (Eds.), Games and simulations in online learning: Research and development Frameworks içinde, (pp. 271–307). Hershey, PA: Information Science.
- Wang, F. and Hannafin, M. J., 2005. Design-based research and technology-enhanced learning environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(4), 5-23.